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Looking for Loopholes: Processes of Incorporation of Illegal Immigrants in the Netherlands

by Joanne van der Leun

Amsterdam University Press, 2003
eISBN: 978-90-485-0520-3 | Paper: 978-90-5356-600-8
Library of Congress Classification JV8152.L48 2003
Dewey Decimal Classification 323.63109492

ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Looking for Loopholes is a detailed account of how illegal immigrants manage to integrate into Dutch society. Drawing on long-term research in the four largest cities in the Netherlands, van der Leun discusses illegal immigration's relationships with illegal employment and criminal involvement, as well as aspects of education, housing, health care and police surveillance. Throughout, she combines the perspectives of immigrants with that of those who implement policies to discourage them, revealing growing tensions between restrictive rules and day-to-day reality.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Joanne van der Leun is Assistant Professor of Criminology at Leiden University. She studied Social Sciences in Utrecht and she received her PhD in Sociology at Erasmus University. Her research interests lie in issues of irregular migration, migration policies, informal economic and criminal activities in the urban environment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents - 6 Acknowledgements - 8 1 Incorporation of illegal immigrants and 'internal migration control' - 10 1.1 Setting of the scene - 10 1.2 Immigration to the Netherlands - 13 1.3 Definitions of illegality - 19 1.4 Theories on migration and in corporation - 21 1.5 The labour market dimension - 26 1.6 The policy dimension - 28 1.7 Research questions - 31 1.8 Methods and sources - 33 2 Loopholes in the labour market: informal employment - 36 2.1 Introduction: informalisation - 36 2.2 State regulation and opportunities - 38 2.3 Employment of illegal immigrants in Rotterdam - 42 2.4 Making a living and moving up the ladder - 53 2.5 Conclusions - 56 3 Crime as alternative option: illicit employment - 60 3.1 Crime - 60 3.2 The illegality - criminality nexus - 61 3.3 Differential opportunity structures - 64 3.4 Data and definitions - 65 3.5 Apprehensions of illegal immigrants - 68 3.6 North African immigrants in the drug economy - 77 3.7 Conclusions - 82 4 Internal surveillance in practice: the police - 86 4.1 Internal surveillance - 86 4.2 Police officers as street-level bureaucrats - 88 4.3 The organisational context - 93 4.4 Appre hension practices - 95 4.5 Expulsion practices - 105 4.6 Conclusions - 112 5 Close encounters with the welfare state: limits of the Linking Act - 116 5.1 Illegal immigrants and welfare state provisions - 116 5.2 Close encounters with the welfare state - 117 5.3 Human Service Organisations - 120 5.4 The introduction of the Linking Act - 124 5.5 Practices prior to the Linking Act - 128 5.6 After the Linking Act: old and new dilemmas - 132 5.7 Conclusions - 151 6 Summary and conclusions. Legal limits to incorporation, social limits to internal control - 156 6.1 Incorporation and implementation - 156 6.2 Legal limits to incorporation - 159 6.3 Social limits to internal control - 166 6.4 Policy implications and policy options - 176 Appendices - 182 1. Interviews with illegal immigrants in Rotterdam - 182 2. Police files - 187 3. Interviews with police officers - 189 4. Interviews in other sectors - 191 Notes - 194 References - 208 Newspaper articles - 227 Index of names - 228

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