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Environmental Security: Concepts, Challenges, and Case Studies

edited by John Lanicci, Elisabeth Hope Murray and James D. Ramsay

American Meteorological Society, 2019
Paper: 978-1-944970-41-3 | eISBN: 978-1-944970-42-0
Library of Congress Classification GE300.E626 2019
Dewey Decimal Classification 658.4083

ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Security threats today are increasingly complex, dynamic, and asymmetric, and can affect environmental factors like energy, water, and food supply. As a result, it is becoming evident that the traditional model of nation-state based security is incomplete, and that purely military capabilities, though necessary, are insufficient to protect the United States and other democracies from the array of threats that challenge liberty and the free flow of people and commerce. A more complete picture of modern national security requires a more complete integration of the question of environmental security.

The purpose of text is to better address the many aspects of environmental security and to represent this major area of academic research in an introductory text format that can be used in the rapidly growing number of homeland security studies programs as well as related degree programs. The concepts, challenges, and case studies in this text vitally extended such curricula, giving students a deeper appreciation for the critical role environmental security plays in overall state security, as well as for our nation, our way of life, and indeed for the human race at large.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

John M. Lanicci is associate professor of meteorology at the University of South Alabama. Elisabeth Hope Murray is assistant professor of security studies and international affairs at Embry-Riddle University. James D. Ramsay is professor of security studies, and the founding program coordinator of the Homeland Security program at the University of New Hampshire.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

1.1 What Are the Environment and Security, and How Should the Concept of Environmental Security Be Defined? | Jarrod Hayes, Elisabeth Hope Murray, John M. Lanicci, and James D. Ramsay

1.1.1 Creating Working Definitions for Environment and Security

1.1.2 A Brief History of the Environmental Security Discipline

1.1.3 Defining Environmental Security

1.1.4 Disaggregating Environmental Security

1.1.6 The Missing Link: Human Security

1.2.1 Introduction to Climate Change

1.2.5 Fourth Assessment Report—2007

1.2.6 Fifth Assessment Report—2013, 2014

2. Natural Resources: Their Access and Relationship to Security

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture

2.1.3 Environmental Change and Scarcity-based Conflict

2.1.4.1 The Resource Scarcity Pathway

2.1.4.2 The “Weak State” Pathway

2.1.4.3 The Migration Pathway

2.1.5 Conclusion

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 The Energy Pyramid and the Law of Tolerance

2.2.3 Defining and (Re-)Framing Energy Security

2.2.4 Sources of Energy Used in the U.S. (and Global) Economy

2.2.5 Slouching toward the Renewables Future

2.2.6.1 Wind Power

2.2.6.5 Distributed Solar Capacity

2.2.8 A Tidy Linkage between Energy and Food Security

2.2.11 U.S. Energy Policy: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back?

2.2.11.1 Current Energy Policy

2.2.12 Conclusion

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Biogeochemical Cycling and the Role of Water

2.3.3 What Is Water Security?

2.3.4 The Water-Population-Food-Energy Nexus

2.3.5 Issues Related to Water Security

2.3.6 The Growing Confluence of Climate Change, Environmental Stresses, and Food and Water Insecurity

2.3.8 Conclusion

2.4.1 Oil as Essential

2.4.2 ISIS Oil Looting and Smuggling

2.4.3 Impact on Environmental and Human Security

2.4.4 International Efforts to Stop ISIS’s Oil Looting and Smuggling

2.4.6 Discussion Questions

2.5.2 The Falkenmark Water Stress Index

2.5.3 The Myth of the “Water War”

2.5.4 The Jordan Basin: Water as an Instrument of Power

2.5.5 Conclusion: What Must Be Done

2.5.7 Discussion Questions

2.6.1 Introduction

2.6.2 Extreme Energy

2.6.3 The Role of Neoliberal Capitalism

2.6.4 The Athabasca Tar Sands Example

2.6.5 Concluding Thoughts

3. Natural Disasters and Environmental Security

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Tropical Cyclones

3.1.3 Floods

3.1.4 Droughts

3.2.2 A Simplified Model of Natural Hazards Vulnerability

3.2.3 The Pressure and Release Disaster Onset Model

3.2.4 Disaster: When Hazard Meets Vulnerability

3.2.5 Disaster Management

3.2.5.2 Preparedness

3.2.6 The Case Studies for This Unit

3.3.2.1 Physical Geography

3.3.3.2 Natural Hazards Climatology

3.3.3 A Basic Vulnerability Analysis

3.3.3.4 Vulnerability Analysis Results

3.3.4 Disaster Preparedness in the Gulf Coast Region

3.3.5 What Went Wrong with Katrina?

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Traditional Media Coverage of Hurricane Katrina and Changes to U.S. Disaster Management Policy in Its Aftermath

3.4.3 The Evolving Role of Social Media in the Wake of Recent Natural Disasters

3.4.4 Conclusions

3.5.1 Introduction

3.5.2 The Balkan Wars of the 1990s

3.5.3 Problems with Postwar Disaster Management in Bosnia and Serbia

3.5.4 The Balkan Floods of May 2014

3.5.5 Discussion

4. Conflict and Environmental Security

4.1.2 Links, Correlation, and Causality

4.1.3 Conflict between MDCs and LDCs

4.1.4 Conflict between and within MDCs

4.1.5 Conflict between and within LDCs

4.1.6 Conclusions

4.2.2 Introduction

4.2.3 Northwest Kenya

4.2.4 Environmental Change and Violent Conflict in the Region

4.2.5 Violent Conflict and Human Security

4.2.6 Environments of Insecurity

4.2.7 Local Conflicts and National and Global Processes

4.2.10 Discussion Questions

4.3.2 Introduction

4.3.4 Economic Impacts of the Opening of the Arctic

4.3.5 The Arctic and U.S. Security

4.3.6 The Arctic and UNCLOS

4.3.7 Conclusions

4.3.8 Discussion Questions

5.2 The Importance of Clear Definitions for Homeland, National, and Human Security

5.3 Using Environmental Security as a “Processor” in Strategy Development

5.4 Concluding Points: Better Integration of Environmental Security into National Security Strategic Planning Is Warranted and Necessary

Index

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