edited by Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Temple University Press, 2007 Paper: 978-1-59213-380-2 | eISBN: 978-1-59213-381-9 | Cloth: 978-1-59213-379-6 Library of Congress Classification KF4166.E68 2007 Dewey Decimal Classification 796.082
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
One of the least understood issues in federal sports policy, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 reflects the nation's aspirational belief that girls and boys, women and men, deserve equal educational opportunities in athletics. Equal Play shows how this ideal has been implemented -- and thwarted -- by actions in every branch of the federal government.
This reader addresses issues in sports before Title IX and the backlash that has resulted from the policy being instituted. The editors have collected the best scholarly writing on the landmark events of the last four decades and couple these with new original essays, primary documents from court cases, administrative regulations, and relevant supporting sources. The result is the most comprehensive single-volume work on the subject.
Equal Play includes essays by many well-known sports journalists who discuss how government actions have shaped, supported, and hindered the goal of gender equality in school athletics. They discuss the history of women in sports, analyze the meaning of "equal opportunity" for female athletes, and examine shifts in arguments for and against Title IX. Equal Play will interest anyone who is concerned with gender issues in American athletics and the growth of college sports.
Contributors include: Susan Cahn, Donna de Varona, Julie Foudy, Jessica Gavora, Bil Gilbert, Christine Grant, Mariah Burton Nelson, Gary R. Roberts, Don Sabo, Larry Schwartz, Michael Sokolove, Welch Suggs, Nancy Williamson, and the editors.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Nancy Hogshead-Makar is a Professor at the Florida Coastal School of Law. She is a former President of the Women's Sports Foundation (1992-94) and currently serves as its legal advisor. She has testified in Congress numerous times on the topic of gender equity in athletics, written numerous scholarly and lay articles, serves as an expert witness in Title IX cases, and has written amicus briefs representing athletic organizations in the U.S. Supreme Court. Professor Hogshead-Makar is an Olympic Champion from the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, wining three gold medals and one silver medal in swimming.
Andrew Zimbalist is Robert A. Woods Professor of Economics at Smith College. He is the author or editor of eighteen previous books, including The Bottom Line: Observations and Arguments on the Sports Business (Temple) and In the Best Interest of Baseball? The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig. He is a member of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Sports Economics, and has consulted extensively in the sports industry for players associations, leagues, cities, and owners.
REVIEWS
“[A] good primer on [Title IX’s] history and struggles…the authors clearly spell out the periodic backlashes to Title IX as well as its victories.”
—Michele Kort, Ms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Equal Play:
Title IX and Social Change
Edited by:
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Part I
Introduction: Women's Sports Before Title IX
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Coming on Strong, Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century Sports
Susan Cahn
Heroines As Well As Heroes
Welch Suggs
Didrikson was a Woman Ahead of Her Time
Larry Schwartz
Sport is Unfair to Women
Bil Gilbert and Nancy Williamson
Part II
Introduction: Staking a Claim: The First Decade
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Speech of Senator Birch Bayh
New York Women's Political Caucus New York, November 23, 1975
Amendment to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Statement of Hon. Birch Bayh, a U.S. Senator from the State of Indiana on the Tower Amendment
Javits Amendment
passed May 20, 1974
Provision Relating to Sex Discrimination
1975 Title IX Regulations
A Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics
United States District Court, D. Kansas.
NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Joseph CALIFANO, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Defendant, et al.; Decided Jan. 9, 1978
Supreme Court of the United States
Geraldine G. CANNON, Petitioner, v. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO et al.; Decided May 14, 1979
Part III
Introduction: The Initial Backlash: the 1980s
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Supreme Court of the United States
GROVE CITY COLLEGE, Individually and on Behalf of its Students, et al., Petitioners v. Terrel H. BELL, Secretary of Education, et al.; Decided Feb. 28, 1984.
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Reducing the Commercialization of Intercollegiate Athletics
Gary R. Roberts
Part IV
Introduction: Accelerated Pace: the 1990s
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Testing Title IX: Amy Cohen and Brown University
Andrew Zimbalist
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Amy COHEN, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY, et al., Defendants-Appellants; Decided Nov. 21, 1996.
1996 Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test
Bowling Green Letter
Linda Carpenter and Vivian Acosta, “Women in Intercollegiate Sport: A Longitudinal, National Study, 1977-2006”
Stronger Women
Mariah Burton Nelson
Part V
Introduction: The Second Backlash: 2000-2006
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
NATIONAL WRESTLING COACHES ASSOCIATION, et al., Appellants, v. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Appellee.; Decided May 14, 2004.
Tilting THE Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX
Jessica Gavora
A Critique of Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX
Nancy Hogshead-Makar
“What To Do About Title IX”
Testimony Before Secretary Paige's Commission on Title IX
Andrew Zimbalist
Open to All: Title IX at Thirty
Minority Views on the Report of the Commission on Opportunity in Athletics
Donna de Varona and Julie Foudy
Limitations of the Department of Education's Online Survey Method for Measuring Athletic Interest and Ability on U.S.A. Campuses
Don Sabo and Christine Grant
Bush Administration Uses Stealth Tactics to Subvert Title IX
Andrew Zimbalist
Football Is a Sucker's Game
Michael Sokolove
Title IX by the Numbers
Andrew Zimbalist
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
edited by Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Temple University Press, 2007 Paper: 978-1-59213-380-2 eISBN: 978-1-59213-381-9 Cloth: 978-1-59213-379-6
One of the least understood issues in federal sports policy, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 reflects the nation's aspirational belief that girls and boys, women and men, deserve equal educational opportunities in athletics. Equal Play shows how this ideal has been implemented -- and thwarted -- by actions in every branch of the federal government.
This reader addresses issues in sports before Title IX and the backlash that has resulted from the policy being instituted. The editors have collected the best scholarly writing on the landmark events of the last four decades and couple these with new original essays, primary documents from court cases, administrative regulations, and relevant supporting sources. The result is the most comprehensive single-volume work on the subject.
Equal Play includes essays by many well-known sports journalists who discuss how government actions have shaped, supported, and hindered the goal of gender equality in school athletics. They discuss the history of women in sports, analyze the meaning of "equal opportunity" for female athletes, and examine shifts in arguments for and against Title IX. Equal Play will interest anyone who is concerned with gender issues in American athletics and the growth of college sports.
Contributors include: Susan Cahn, Donna de Varona, Julie Foudy, Jessica Gavora, Bil Gilbert, Christine Grant, Mariah Burton Nelson, Gary R. Roberts, Don Sabo, Larry Schwartz, Michael Sokolove, Welch Suggs, Nancy Williamson, and the editors.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Nancy Hogshead-Makar is a Professor at the Florida Coastal School of Law. She is a former President of the Women's Sports Foundation (1992-94) and currently serves as its legal advisor. She has testified in Congress numerous times on the topic of gender equity in athletics, written numerous scholarly and lay articles, serves as an expert witness in Title IX cases, and has written amicus briefs representing athletic organizations in the U.S. Supreme Court. Professor Hogshead-Makar is an Olympic Champion from the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, wining three gold medals and one silver medal in swimming.
Andrew Zimbalist is Robert A. Woods Professor of Economics at Smith College. He is the author or editor of eighteen previous books, including The Bottom Line: Observations and Arguments on the Sports Business (Temple) and In the Best Interest of Baseball? The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig. He is a member of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Sports Economics, and has consulted extensively in the sports industry for players associations, leagues, cities, and owners.
REVIEWS
“[A] good primer on [Title IX’s] history and struggles…the authors clearly spell out the periodic backlashes to Title IX as well as its victories.”
—Michele Kort, Ms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Equal Play:
Title IX and Social Change
Edited by:
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Part I
Introduction: Women's Sports Before Title IX
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Coming on Strong, Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century Sports
Susan Cahn
Heroines As Well As Heroes
Welch Suggs
Didrikson was a Woman Ahead of Her Time
Larry Schwartz
Sport is Unfair to Women
Bil Gilbert and Nancy Williamson
Part II
Introduction: Staking a Claim: The First Decade
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Speech of Senator Birch Bayh
New York Women's Political Caucus New York, November 23, 1975
Amendment to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Statement of Hon. Birch Bayh, a U.S. Senator from the State of Indiana on the Tower Amendment
Javits Amendment
passed May 20, 1974
Provision Relating to Sex Discrimination
1975 Title IX Regulations
A Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics
United States District Court, D. Kansas.
NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Joseph CALIFANO, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Defendant, et al.; Decided Jan. 9, 1978
Supreme Court of the United States
Geraldine G. CANNON, Petitioner, v. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO et al.; Decided May 14, 1979
Part III
Introduction: The Initial Backlash: the 1980s
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Supreme Court of the United States
GROVE CITY COLLEGE, Individually and on Behalf of its Students, et al., Petitioners v. Terrel H. BELL, Secretary of Education, et al.; Decided Feb. 28, 1984.
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Reducing the Commercialization of Intercollegiate Athletics
Gary R. Roberts
Part IV
Introduction: Accelerated Pace: the 1990s
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
Testing Title IX: Amy Cohen and Brown University
Andrew Zimbalist
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Amy COHEN, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY, et al., Defendants-Appellants; Decided Nov. 21, 1996.
1996 Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test
Bowling Green Letter
Linda Carpenter and Vivian Acosta, “Women in Intercollegiate Sport: A Longitudinal, National Study, 1977-2006”
Stronger Women
Mariah Burton Nelson
Part V
Introduction: The Second Backlash: 2000-2006
Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew Zimbalist
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
NATIONAL WRESTLING COACHES ASSOCIATION, et al., Appellants, v. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Appellee.; Decided May 14, 2004.
Tilting THE Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX
Jessica Gavora
A Critique of Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX
Nancy Hogshead-Makar
“What To Do About Title IX”
Testimony Before Secretary Paige's Commission on Title IX
Andrew Zimbalist
Open to All: Title IX at Thirty
Minority Views on the Report of the Commission on Opportunity in Athletics
Donna de Varona and Julie Foudy
Limitations of the Department of Education's Online Survey Method for Measuring Athletic Interest and Ability on U.S.A. Campuses
Don Sabo and Christine Grant
Bush Administration Uses Stealth Tactics to Subvert Title IX
Andrew Zimbalist
Football Is a Sucker's Game
Michael Sokolove
Title IX by the Numbers
Andrew Zimbalist
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
It can take 2-3 weeks for requests to be filled.
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE