Temple University Press, 2000 Paper: 978-1-56639-729-2 | Cloth: 978-1-56639-728-5 Library of Congress Classification GF503.S23 2000 Dewey Decimal Classification 304.2
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Leaping waterfalls, struggling through rocky shallows, only the strongest salmon survive to spawn a new generation. These remarkable fish seem to be pure nature, unfathomable, all instinct. But are they? For more than a century biologists have tried to unlock the mystery of salmon we know. For sociologist Rik Scarce, salmon represent an opportunity to probe the relationship of science, society, and nature.
About Pacific salmon -- a game fish and food source that is protected and manages for economic and environmental abundance -- Scarce writes, "What other living thing receives such extensive attention from science and society, is used in so many ways, yet retains so much of what we would like to think is its 'wild' character?" He shows how political, bureaucratic, and economic forces have directed salmon science for their own purposes and how control remains a central feature in salmon biology.
Identifying a countertrend rooted in environmental activism, Scarce also argues that an ecocentric perspective is gaining ground even as pressures mount simultaneously to save endangered salmon populations and to bring every last salmon to market. Thus, while external forces control much of the biologists' work, a movement is underway to free biology from political and economic pressures. In rich, ethnographic detail, Scarce develops this portrait of a science struggling with nature and itself. The old-line "fisheries biologists" tell how they work under immense pressure to unravel the unknowns of salmon existence to fulfill objectives of politically-motivated funding agencies. In contrast, the new breed of "conservation biology" researchers struggles to maintain the genetic diversity of salmon populations while minimizing the ways humans determine the fate of the salmon.
Fishy Business provides new ways for regarding about human interactions with other species, from appealing ones like wolves, whales, and redwood tress to less popular ones like snail darters and kangaroo rats. Society struggles to decide what parts of nature matter and why. Ultimately, Scarce argues, nature is a social product: what shall we make of it?
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Rik Scarce is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Montana State University and author of the popular and important environmental book Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement.
REVIEWS
"Scarce shines a revealing light on the inner workings of hatcheries, providing the reader an appreciation of human compulsions to domesticate and control—forces that have influenced our knowledge, or lack of knowledge, of salmon and other natural entities. ... Thoroughly researched, eloquently written, and energetically told, this book dares us to explore our relation to nature and our knowing of ourselves."
—Pacific Northwest Quarterly
"In this book, [Rik Scarce] describes human uses and abuses of Pacific salmon in an attempt to explore the relationship between science, society and nature. He shows how salmon biology has been manipulated in western North America, originally through scientific curiosity, and then exploited for economic gain, causing ongoing strife between factional and ethnic groups and even between nations. He discusses through many interviews with biologists and fishery managers how political, bureaucratic and economic forces have modified and engineered salmon populations for their own purposes by extensive ranching and enhancement of programs, citing examples of the successes and failures that have resulted."
—Andrew F. Walker, Environmental Conservation
"...Scarce compellingly argues that the emerging field of 'Environmental Sociology' has much to offer. ...Fishy Business is a strong contribution to the growing literature on human/animal relations and Environmental Sociology. Further, in light of the continuing 'Salmon Wars' between Canada and the United States, and other conflicts based upon dwindling 'resources,' Fishy Business is timely and thus well worth a read on that basis alone."
—Canadian Journal of Sociology Online
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
1. NATURE IN THE MAKING
Nature's Beginnings Scientists, Rivers, and Salmon
Why Salmon?
Constructing Nature
Classical Social Constructivism: An Overview
Macroconstructions and Rationality Rationalization and the Social Construction of Nature
Storytelling An Author's Story
2. WHO -- OR WHAT -- IS IN CONTROL HERE?
Control, Power, and Salmon Biology
Professionalizing Biologists and Salmon: A Brief History Schools of FIsheries
Structural Control over Salmon Biology The Political and Economic Milieu
Funding Salmon Biology
Society and Funding for Salmon
Expediency versus Knowledge
The Professional Politics of Funding
"Bootlegging" Research
Conclusion: Biologists as Bartleby
3. BIOLOGISTS IN THE DRIVER'S SEAT
Control of Salmon by Salmon Biologists Engineering Salmon
Systems Laboratories, Field Research, and Control
Quantification and Modeling
"Enhancement": Control by Other Means
Assessing Enhancement The Interchangeability of Salmon
Salmon Biology and Control over Managers Biologists and Managers
Conclusion: Salmon and Biology Transformed
4. THINKING AND MAKING SALMON
Cognitive and Physical Constructions Cognitive Constructions
Physical Constructions
Salmon Hatcheries as Political-Economic Instruments Salmon Hatchery Technology
Production in Salmon Biology
Hatchery Politics
Hatchery Economics
Certainty, Prediction, and Tooling
An Agrarian Model for Fisheries
Hatchery Salmon as "Different"
The Pro-Hatchery Response
New Tools for Tooling Salmon: High-Tech Fish When Salmon Research Themselves
The Social Context
Genetics and the New Salmon
Conclusion: Salmon as Social Fact
5. MYTHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
Science: Myth and the Material
Why Mythology? Mythology and Control
Mythology and Meaning
Contemporary Interpretations of the Myth Concept Mythology's Contradictions
Uncertainty and Mythology Uncertainty, Expertise, and Myth
Myths and "Bad Science" Funding and Bad Science
Distinguishing Fact from Bad Science
Bad Science: Some Examples
Observer-Created Reality
Conclusion: Infinite Control?
6. FREEDOM AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN SALMON BIOLOGY
Freedom and Control Freedom in Classical Sociological Theory
Control/Power versus Self-Determinism and Freedom
Biologists' Struggle for Freedom The Scientific Ideal in an Age of Limits
The Importance of Interchangeability Conservation Biology, Freedom, and Self-Determination Conservation Biology: The Core
Conservation Biology within Salmon Biology
Identification and Ethics
Advocacy, Acceptance, and Resistance Commonalities with the Fisheries Perspective
Conclusion: Back to the Future
7. SALMON WARS AND THE "NATURE" OF POLITICS
Power to the People?
Anatomy of a Fish War Capturing a Fugitive with a Treaty
The Salmon War Gets Hot Constructing Complete Communities
Conclusion: Nature as We Want It to Be
8. CONSTRUCTING NATURE -- AND EXPERIENCING IT
Toward a Sociology of Social-Natural Interactions
Knowing a Meaningless Nature
APPENDIX. METHODS AND RELATED RESEARCH
Data Gathering and Analysis for this Study Grounded Theory
The Intellectual Heritage: Prior Works Socially Constructing Science and Technology
Socially Constructing Nature
Catton and Dunlap: The First Social Constructivists of Nature
Landscaping Nature
Other Understandings The Anticonstructivists
A Change of Face
Murphy's Failed Critique of Constructivism
Temple University Press, 2000 Paper: 978-1-56639-729-2 Cloth: 978-1-56639-728-5
Leaping waterfalls, struggling through rocky shallows, only the strongest salmon survive to spawn a new generation. These remarkable fish seem to be pure nature, unfathomable, all instinct. But are they? For more than a century biologists have tried to unlock the mystery of salmon we know. For sociologist Rik Scarce, salmon represent an opportunity to probe the relationship of science, society, and nature.
About Pacific salmon -- a game fish and food source that is protected and manages for economic and environmental abundance -- Scarce writes, "What other living thing receives such extensive attention from science and society, is used in so many ways, yet retains so much of what we would like to think is its 'wild' character?" He shows how political, bureaucratic, and economic forces have directed salmon science for their own purposes and how control remains a central feature in salmon biology.
Identifying a countertrend rooted in environmental activism, Scarce also argues that an ecocentric perspective is gaining ground even as pressures mount simultaneously to save endangered salmon populations and to bring every last salmon to market. Thus, while external forces control much of the biologists' work, a movement is underway to free biology from political and economic pressures. In rich, ethnographic detail, Scarce develops this portrait of a science struggling with nature and itself. The old-line "fisheries biologists" tell how they work under immense pressure to unravel the unknowns of salmon existence to fulfill objectives of politically-motivated funding agencies. In contrast, the new breed of "conservation biology" researchers struggles to maintain the genetic diversity of salmon populations while minimizing the ways humans determine the fate of the salmon.
Fishy Business provides new ways for regarding about human interactions with other species, from appealing ones like wolves, whales, and redwood tress to less popular ones like snail darters and kangaroo rats. Society struggles to decide what parts of nature matter and why. Ultimately, Scarce argues, nature is a social product: what shall we make of it?
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Rik Scarce is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Montana State University and author of the popular and important environmental book Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement.
REVIEWS
"Scarce shines a revealing light on the inner workings of hatcheries, providing the reader an appreciation of human compulsions to domesticate and control—forces that have influenced our knowledge, or lack of knowledge, of salmon and other natural entities. ... Thoroughly researched, eloquently written, and energetically told, this book dares us to explore our relation to nature and our knowing of ourselves."
—Pacific Northwest Quarterly
"In this book, [Rik Scarce] describes human uses and abuses of Pacific salmon in an attempt to explore the relationship between science, society and nature. He shows how salmon biology has been manipulated in western North America, originally through scientific curiosity, and then exploited for economic gain, causing ongoing strife between factional and ethnic groups and even between nations. He discusses through many interviews with biologists and fishery managers how political, bureaucratic and economic forces have modified and engineered salmon populations for their own purposes by extensive ranching and enhancement of programs, citing examples of the successes and failures that have resulted."
—Andrew F. Walker, Environmental Conservation
"...Scarce compellingly argues that the emerging field of 'Environmental Sociology' has much to offer. ...Fishy Business is a strong contribution to the growing literature on human/animal relations and Environmental Sociology. Further, in light of the continuing 'Salmon Wars' between Canada and the United States, and other conflicts based upon dwindling 'resources,' Fishy Business is timely and thus well worth a read on that basis alone."
—Canadian Journal of Sociology Online
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
1. NATURE IN THE MAKING
Nature's Beginnings Scientists, Rivers, and Salmon
Why Salmon?
Constructing Nature
Classical Social Constructivism: An Overview
Macroconstructions and Rationality Rationalization and the Social Construction of Nature
Storytelling An Author's Story
2. WHO -- OR WHAT -- IS IN CONTROL HERE?
Control, Power, and Salmon Biology
Professionalizing Biologists and Salmon: A Brief History Schools of FIsheries
Structural Control over Salmon Biology The Political and Economic Milieu
Funding Salmon Biology
Society and Funding for Salmon
Expediency versus Knowledge
The Professional Politics of Funding
"Bootlegging" Research
Conclusion: Biologists as Bartleby
3. BIOLOGISTS IN THE DRIVER'S SEAT
Control of Salmon by Salmon Biologists Engineering Salmon
Systems Laboratories, Field Research, and Control
Quantification and Modeling
"Enhancement": Control by Other Means
Assessing Enhancement The Interchangeability of Salmon
Salmon Biology and Control over Managers Biologists and Managers
Conclusion: Salmon and Biology Transformed
4. THINKING AND MAKING SALMON
Cognitive and Physical Constructions Cognitive Constructions
Physical Constructions
Salmon Hatcheries as Political-Economic Instruments Salmon Hatchery Technology
Production in Salmon Biology
Hatchery Politics
Hatchery Economics
Certainty, Prediction, and Tooling
An Agrarian Model for Fisheries
Hatchery Salmon as "Different"
The Pro-Hatchery Response
New Tools for Tooling Salmon: High-Tech Fish When Salmon Research Themselves
The Social Context
Genetics and the New Salmon
Conclusion: Salmon as Social Fact
5. MYTHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
Science: Myth and the Material
Why Mythology? Mythology and Control
Mythology and Meaning
Contemporary Interpretations of the Myth Concept Mythology's Contradictions
Uncertainty and Mythology Uncertainty, Expertise, and Myth
Myths and "Bad Science" Funding and Bad Science
Distinguishing Fact from Bad Science
Bad Science: Some Examples
Observer-Created Reality
Conclusion: Infinite Control?
6. FREEDOM AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN SALMON BIOLOGY
Freedom and Control Freedom in Classical Sociological Theory
Control/Power versus Self-Determinism and Freedom
Biologists' Struggle for Freedom The Scientific Ideal in an Age of Limits
The Importance of Interchangeability Conservation Biology, Freedom, and Self-Determination Conservation Biology: The Core
Conservation Biology within Salmon Biology
Identification and Ethics
Advocacy, Acceptance, and Resistance Commonalities with the Fisheries Perspective
Conclusion: Back to the Future
7. SALMON WARS AND THE "NATURE" OF POLITICS
Power to the People?
Anatomy of a Fish War Capturing a Fugitive with a Treaty
The Salmon War Gets Hot Constructing Complete Communities
Conclusion: Nature as We Want It to Be
8. CONSTRUCTING NATURE -- AND EXPERIENCING IT
Toward a Sociology of Social-Natural Interactions
Knowing a Meaningless Nature
APPENDIX. METHODS AND RELATED RESEARCH
Data Gathering and Analysis for this Study Grounded Theory
The Intellectual Heritage: Prior Works Socially Constructing Science and Technology
Socially Constructing Nature
Catton and Dunlap: The First Social Constructivists of Nature
Landscaping Nature
Other Understandings The Anticonstructivists
A Change of Face
Murphy's Failed Critique of Constructivism
NOTES
INDEX
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC