Murder on Shades Mountain: The Legal Lynching of Willie Peterson and the Struggle for Justice in Jim Crow Birmingham
by Melanie S. Morrison
Duke University Press, 2018 eISBN: 978-0-8223-7167-0 | Cloth: 978-0-8223-7117-5 Library of Congress Classification KF224.P48M677 2018
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
One August night in 1931, on a secluded mountain ridge overlooking Birmingham, Alabama, three young white women were brutally attacked. The sole survivor, Nell Williams, age eighteen, said a black man had held the women captive for four hours before shooting them and disappearing into the woods. That same night, a reign of terror was unleashed on Birmingham's black community: black businesses were set ablaze, posses of armed white men roamed the streets, and dozens of black men were arrested in the largest manhunt in Jefferson County history. Weeks later, Nell identified Willie Peterson as the attacker who killed her sister Augusta and their friend Jennie Wood. With the exception of being black, Peterson bore little resemblance to the description Nell gave the police. An all-white jury convicted Peterson of murder and sentenced him to death.
In Murder on Shades Mountain Melanie S. Morrison tells the gripping and tragic story of the attack and its aftermath—events that shook Birmingham to its core. Having first heard the story from her father—who dated Nell's youngest sister when he was a teenager—Morrison scoured the historical archives and documented the black-led campaigns that sought to overturn Peterson's unjust conviction, spearheaded by the NAACP and the Communist Party. The travesty of justice suffered by Peterson reveals how the judicial system could function as a lynch mob in the Jim Crow South. Murder on Shades Mountain also sheds new light on the struggle for justice in Depression-era Birmingham. This riveting narrative is a testament to the courageous predecessors of present-day movements that demand an end to racial profiling, police brutality, and the criminalization of black men.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Melanie S. Morrison, founder and executive director of Allies for Change (www.alliesforchange.org), is a social justice educator, author, and activist with thirty years' experience designing and facilitating transformational group process. Morrison is author of The Grace of Coming Home: Spirituality, Sexuality, and the Struggle for Justice and her writing has appeared in numerous periodicals. As a keynote speaker at national and regional conferences, she addresses racial, disability, and sexual justice. In 1994 Morrison founded Doing Our Own Work, an antiracism intensive for white people that has attracted hundreds of participants across the country. She has a master of divinity from Yale Divinity School and a Ph.D. from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. Ordained in the United Church of Christ, Morrison pastored congregations in Michigan and the Netherlands. As adjunct faculty, she has taught antiracism seminars at Chicago Theological Seminary and the Methodist Theological School in Ohio. She lives in Okemos, Michigan.
REVIEWS
(Starred Review) "In this passionate account of Jim Crow–era injustice, educator and activist Morrison exposes how courtrooms 'could function like lynch mobs when the defendant was black.'... Morrison, who is white, shares this painful story with clarity and compassion, emphasizing how much has changed since the 1930s, how much white people need to 'critically interrogate' the past, and how much 'remains to be done' in the fight for justice."
-- Publishers Weekly
"The author deserves praise for identifying Peterson’s trial as an important precursor to the 1960s civil rights movement. Audiences will be enthralled and angered by this all-too-familiar account of a criminal justice system that was and remains biased against black Americans."
-- Karl Helicher Foreword Reviews
"Morrison digs deeply into period newspapers and archives to uncover this story of injustice long overshadowed by the more famous Scottsboro Boys trial. A thoughtful look into a tale of prejudice and stolen justice that will find many readers who are interested in African American history, the early civil rights movement, and Southern history."
-- Chad E. Statler Library Journal
"Morrison’s book is an ultimate tribute to a man who is seldom mentioned in the Civil Rights Movement, but was a true civil rights hero and who despite torture and mental cruelty always proclaimed his innocence."
-- Bill Castanier Lansing City Pulse
"A straightforward, thoroughly researched nonfiction account of yet another disgraceful episode in Alabama racial history."
-- Don Noble Tuscaloosa News
"An important and timely book.”
-- James L. Baggett Birmingham Watch
"The book ends, as it begins, with a call to each of us to do our own work. In the afterword, poignantly written in the form of a letter to her late father, Morrison states the brutal truth: 'The demonization and criminalization of black men remains a national disgrace.' Eighty-seven years after Willie Peterson was targeted on a Birmingham street corner, there is still much work to be done. This book offers inspiration to keep at it."
-- Joyce Hollyday Sojourners
"iI shifting attention from Scottsboro's sleepy courthouse square to Birmingham's industrialized and highly stratified terrain, Morrison offers fresh perspective on the structural violence that undergirded white supremacy."
-- Jason Morgan Ward Southern Spaces
"Recounted in painstaking detail by Morrison, this near century-old case emerges as a precedent for contemporary discussions of racism in the criminal justice system, reaffirming how firmly rooted racial profiling and the criminalization of blackness are in American culture."
-- Ladee Hubbard TLS
"Morrison succeeds admirably in moving the literature beyond Scottsboro, which has garnered the lion’s share of historians’ attention. Morrison is at her best when she unearths legal records to explain how the criminal justice system was stacked against Peterson. . . . In Morrison’s hands, the Jim Crow justice system avoids caricature and emerges as a living, breathing system in which injustice is that much more evident and pernicious. . . . Compelling and beautifully written."
-- David A. Varel Journal of Southern History
"[Murder on Shades Mountain's] detailed narrative of one little-known crime and its aftermath is powerful and evocative and offers a revealing window into the workings of white supremacy—one that is even more dramatic in some ways than the story of the Scottsboro Boys. . . . Morrison’s work offers a critical reminder that whites must interrogate all the stories about race that they have inherited, even those of white advocates for racial justice."
-- Renee Romano American Historical Review
"Morrison forces the reader to grapple with the precarity of Black life in relation to white supremacist power structures like the criminal justice system.… Murder on Shades Mountain is a crucial text for tracing the genealogy of state-sanctioned anti-Black violence in America."
-- Denzel Shabazz Journal of African American History
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1 Part I. Danger in the Magic City 1. August 4, 1931 15 2. A City Beset by Fear 25 3. Reign of Terror in the Black Community 34 4. Fear, Loathing,and Oblivion in the White Community 45 Part II. Trials and Tribulations 5. The Arrest: September 23, 1931 55 6. Attempted Murder 67 7. Grand Jury Testimonies 76 8. The NAACP Comes to Life 85 9. Mounting the Defense 94 10. House of Pain 113 11. "A Temporarily Dethroned Mind" 116 12. "An Outrageous Spectacle of Injustice" 119 13. A Tumultuous Year 122 Part IV. Never Turning Back 14. Staying on the Firing Line 131 15. Charles Hamilton Houston 134 16. A Lynching in Tuscaloosa 142 17. Moving the Case Forward 150 18. No Negroes Allowed 162 19. A Flood of Letters 168 20. A Multitude of Regrets 172 21. Grave Doubts as to His Guilt 178 22. Jim Crow Justice 185 Epilogue. The Community That Kept Faith 193 Afterword. Letter to My Father 197 Acknowledgments 203 Notes 209 Bibliography 233 Index 241
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If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
Murder on Shades Mountain: The Legal Lynching of Willie Peterson and the Struggle for Justice in Jim Crow Birmingham
by Melanie S. Morrison
Duke University Press, 2018 eISBN: 978-0-8223-7167-0 Cloth: 978-0-8223-7117-5
One August night in 1931, on a secluded mountain ridge overlooking Birmingham, Alabama, three young white women were brutally attacked. The sole survivor, Nell Williams, age eighteen, said a black man had held the women captive for four hours before shooting them and disappearing into the woods. That same night, a reign of terror was unleashed on Birmingham's black community: black businesses were set ablaze, posses of armed white men roamed the streets, and dozens of black men were arrested in the largest manhunt in Jefferson County history. Weeks later, Nell identified Willie Peterson as the attacker who killed her sister Augusta and their friend Jennie Wood. With the exception of being black, Peterson bore little resemblance to the description Nell gave the police. An all-white jury convicted Peterson of murder and sentenced him to death.
In Murder on Shades Mountain Melanie S. Morrison tells the gripping and tragic story of the attack and its aftermath—events that shook Birmingham to its core. Having first heard the story from her father—who dated Nell's youngest sister when he was a teenager—Morrison scoured the historical archives and documented the black-led campaigns that sought to overturn Peterson's unjust conviction, spearheaded by the NAACP and the Communist Party. The travesty of justice suffered by Peterson reveals how the judicial system could function as a lynch mob in the Jim Crow South. Murder on Shades Mountain also sheds new light on the struggle for justice in Depression-era Birmingham. This riveting narrative is a testament to the courageous predecessors of present-day movements that demand an end to racial profiling, police brutality, and the criminalization of black men.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Melanie S. Morrison, founder and executive director of Allies for Change (www.alliesforchange.org), is a social justice educator, author, and activist with thirty years' experience designing and facilitating transformational group process. Morrison is author of The Grace of Coming Home: Spirituality, Sexuality, and the Struggle for Justice and her writing has appeared in numerous periodicals. As a keynote speaker at national and regional conferences, she addresses racial, disability, and sexual justice. In 1994 Morrison founded Doing Our Own Work, an antiracism intensive for white people that has attracted hundreds of participants across the country. She has a master of divinity from Yale Divinity School and a Ph.D. from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. Ordained in the United Church of Christ, Morrison pastored congregations in Michigan and the Netherlands. As adjunct faculty, she has taught antiracism seminars at Chicago Theological Seminary and the Methodist Theological School in Ohio. She lives in Okemos, Michigan.
REVIEWS
(Starred Review) "In this passionate account of Jim Crow–era injustice, educator and activist Morrison exposes how courtrooms 'could function like lynch mobs when the defendant was black.'... Morrison, who is white, shares this painful story with clarity and compassion, emphasizing how much has changed since the 1930s, how much white people need to 'critically interrogate' the past, and how much 'remains to be done' in the fight for justice."
-- Publishers Weekly
"The author deserves praise for identifying Peterson’s trial as an important precursor to the 1960s civil rights movement. Audiences will be enthralled and angered by this all-too-familiar account of a criminal justice system that was and remains biased against black Americans."
-- Karl Helicher Foreword Reviews
"Morrison digs deeply into period newspapers and archives to uncover this story of injustice long overshadowed by the more famous Scottsboro Boys trial. A thoughtful look into a tale of prejudice and stolen justice that will find many readers who are interested in African American history, the early civil rights movement, and Southern history."
-- Chad E. Statler Library Journal
"Morrison’s book is an ultimate tribute to a man who is seldom mentioned in the Civil Rights Movement, but was a true civil rights hero and who despite torture and mental cruelty always proclaimed his innocence."
-- Bill Castanier Lansing City Pulse
"A straightforward, thoroughly researched nonfiction account of yet another disgraceful episode in Alabama racial history."
-- Don Noble Tuscaloosa News
"An important and timely book.”
-- James L. Baggett Birmingham Watch
"The book ends, as it begins, with a call to each of us to do our own work. In the afterword, poignantly written in the form of a letter to her late father, Morrison states the brutal truth: 'The demonization and criminalization of black men remains a national disgrace.' Eighty-seven years after Willie Peterson was targeted on a Birmingham street corner, there is still much work to be done. This book offers inspiration to keep at it."
-- Joyce Hollyday Sojourners
"iI shifting attention from Scottsboro's sleepy courthouse square to Birmingham's industrialized and highly stratified terrain, Morrison offers fresh perspective on the structural violence that undergirded white supremacy."
-- Jason Morgan Ward Southern Spaces
"Recounted in painstaking detail by Morrison, this near century-old case emerges as a precedent for contemporary discussions of racism in the criminal justice system, reaffirming how firmly rooted racial profiling and the criminalization of blackness are in American culture."
-- Ladee Hubbard TLS
"Morrison succeeds admirably in moving the literature beyond Scottsboro, which has garnered the lion’s share of historians’ attention. Morrison is at her best when she unearths legal records to explain how the criminal justice system was stacked against Peterson. . . . In Morrison’s hands, the Jim Crow justice system avoids caricature and emerges as a living, breathing system in which injustice is that much more evident and pernicious. . . . Compelling and beautifully written."
-- David A. Varel Journal of Southern History
"[Murder on Shades Mountain's] detailed narrative of one little-known crime and its aftermath is powerful and evocative and offers a revealing window into the workings of white supremacy—one that is even more dramatic in some ways than the story of the Scottsboro Boys. . . . Morrison’s work offers a critical reminder that whites must interrogate all the stories about race that they have inherited, even those of white advocates for racial justice."
-- Renee Romano American Historical Review
"Morrison forces the reader to grapple with the precarity of Black life in relation to white supremacist power structures like the criminal justice system.… Murder on Shades Mountain is a crucial text for tracing the genealogy of state-sanctioned anti-Black violence in America."
-- Denzel Shabazz Journal of African American History
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1 Part I. Danger in the Magic City 1. August 4, 1931 15 2. A City Beset by Fear 25 3. Reign of Terror in the Black Community 34 4. Fear, Loathing,and Oblivion in the White Community 45 Part II. Trials and Tribulations 5. The Arrest: September 23, 1931 55 6. Attempted Murder 67 7. Grand Jury Testimonies 76 8. The NAACP Comes to Life 85 9. Mounting the Defense 94 10. House of Pain 113 11. "A Temporarily Dethroned Mind" 116 12. "An Outrageous Spectacle of Injustice" 119 13. A Tumultuous Year 122 Part IV. Never Turning Back 14. Staying on the Firing Line 131 15. Charles Hamilton Houston 134 16. A Lynching in Tuscaloosa 142 17. Moving the Case Forward 150 18. No Negroes Allowed 162 19. A Flood of Letters 168 20. A Multitude of Regrets 172 21. Grave Doubts as to His Guilt 178 22. Jim Crow Justice 185 Epilogue. The Community That Kept Faith 193 Afterword. Letter to My Father 197 Acknowledgments 203 Notes 209 Bibliography 233 Index 241
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
It can take 2-3 weeks for requests to be filled.
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE