Stigmas of the Tamil Stage: An Ethnography of Special Drama Artists in South India
by Susan Seizer
Duke University Press, 2005 Cloth: 978-0-8223-3432-3 | eISBN: 978-0-8223-8619-3 | Paper: 978-0-8223-3443-9 Library of Congress Classification GN635.I4S37 2005 Dewey Decimal Classification 306.4848095482
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ABOUT THIS BOOK
A study of the lives of popular theater artists, Stigmas of the Tamil Stage is the first in-depth analysis of Special Drama, a genre of performance unique to the southernmost Indian state of Tamilnadu. Held in towns and villages throughout the region, Special Drama performances last from 10 p.m. until dawn. There are no theatrical troupes in Special Drama; individual artists are contracted “specially” for each event. The first two hours of each performance are filled with the kind of bawdy, improvisational comedy that is the primary focus of this study; the remaining hours present more markedly staid dramatic treatments of myth and history. Special Drama artists themselves are of all ages, castes, and ethnic and religious affiliations; the one common denominator in their lives is their lower-class status. Artists regularly speak of how poverty compelled their entrance into the field.
Special Drama is looked down upon by the middle- and upper-classes as too popular, too vulgar, and too “mixed.” The artists are stigmatized: people insult them in public and landlords refuse to rent to them. Stigma falls most heavily, however, on actresses, who are marked as “public women” by their participation in Special Drama. As Susan Seizer’s sensitive study shows, one of the primary ways the performers deal with such stigma is through humor and linguistic play. Their comedic performances in particular directly address questions of class, culture, and gender deviations—the very issues that so stigmatize them. Seizer draws on extensive interviews with performers, sponsors, audience members, and drama agents as well as on careful readings of live Special Drama performances in considering the complexities of performers’ lives both on stage and off.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Susan Seizer is Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University.
Visit Susan Seizer’s website, which includes links to full-text reviews.
REVIEWS
“Susan Seizer presents rich and intriguing material about a dramatic performance tradition at the same time that she provides smart, insightful, and sophisticated interpretations linking it to wider discussions. Stigmas of the Tamil Stage deserves to be read, discussed, and used to further debates in many fields of study.”—Paula Richman, editor of Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia
“Susan Seizer’s moving and unique perspective on the fate of popular cultural practices in an age and society dominated by the norms and prescriptions of bourgeois modernity makes her work important and insightful not just for scholars of South Asia but for all those who are interested in the general problematic of popular culture, performance traditions, and modernity globally.”—Sumathi Ramaswamy, author of The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Notes on Transliteration xxi
Introduction
Preface: A Conversation on Culture 1
Birth of This Project 9
Writing about Special Drama 12
Methods 14
Geographic Relations and the Historical Ethnographic Present 16
Why Comedy Is a Good Site for the Study of Culture 19
What Is Special Drama? 21
Making a Living 24
What Is Special about Special Drama? 26
Naming Matters 28
"Hey Drama People!": Stigma at Work 30
"Actors Have No Murai": A Proverbial Lack 32
Part One: The History and Organization of Special Drama 35
Part Two: Comedy 36
Part Three: Lives 38
Part One: The History and Organization of Special Drama
1. Legacies of Discourse: Special Drama and Its History 43
The Legend and Legacy of Sankaradas Swamigal 43
The History of Special Drama 47
Tamil Drama History, Stage One (of Undatable Roots) 49
Tamil Drama History, Stage Two 51
Tamil Drama History, Stage Three 52
Tamil Drama History, Stage Four 53
The Disciplined Life of the Drama Company 55
Life on the Margins of the Companies 60
Tamil Drama History, Stage Five: A New Historical Trajectory 62
The Legacy of the Company Model in Special Drama 64
Discourse of Vulgarity, Legacy of Shame 66
Context: The History of Modernity in Tamilnadu 70
Drama Actors Sangams 71
Why Actors Stand Still: Onstage Movement as the Embodiment of Vulgarity 77
The Stage Today 81
From Urban to Rurban 83
2. Prestige Hierarchies in Two and Three Dimensions: Drama Notices and the Organization of Special Drama 86
Early Drama Notices, 1891-1926 87
The Photograph Enters Notices, 1926-1936 92
English in the Vocabulary of Special Drama Artists: Jansirani and Sivakami 99
Midcentury Notices and Artists, 1942-1964 (M. K. Kamalam) 103
The Current Form of Notices: Roles and Ranks 111
The Photographic Style of Contemporary Notices 117
The Prestige Hierarchies of Artists as Pictured on Drama Notices 122
The Iconicity of the Contemporary Notice: Structured Spaces and Places 131
Drama Sponsorship and the Written Text of the Contemporary Drama Notice 132
The Working Network That Makes Special Drama Work 140
Stigmas of the Tamil Stage: An Ethnography of Special Drama Artists in South India
by Susan Seizer
Duke University Press, 2005 Cloth: 978-0-8223-3432-3 eISBN: 978-0-8223-8619-3 Paper: 978-0-8223-3443-9
A study of the lives of popular theater artists, Stigmas of the Tamil Stage is the first in-depth analysis of Special Drama, a genre of performance unique to the southernmost Indian state of Tamilnadu. Held in towns and villages throughout the region, Special Drama performances last from 10 p.m. until dawn. There are no theatrical troupes in Special Drama; individual artists are contracted “specially” for each event. The first two hours of each performance are filled with the kind of bawdy, improvisational comedy that is the primary focus of this study; the remaining hours present more markedly staid dramatic treatments of myth and history. Special Drama artists themselves are of all ages, castes, and ethnic and religious affiliations; the one common denominator in their lives is their lower-class status. Artists regularly speak of how poverty compelled their entrance into the field.
Special Drama is looked down upon by the middle- and upper-classes as too popular, too vulgar, and too “mixed.” The artists are stigmatized: people insult them in public and landlords refuse to rent to them. Stigma falls most heavily, however, on actresses, who are marked as “public women” by their participation in Special Drama. As Susan Seizer’s sensitive study shows, one of the primary ways the performers deal with such stigma is through humor and linguistic play. Their comedic performances in particular directly address questions of class, culture, and gender deviations—the very issues that so stigmatize them. Seizer draws on extensive interviews with performers, sponsors, audience members, and drama agents as well as on careful readings of live Special Drama performances in considering the complexities of performers’ lives both on stage and off.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Susan Seizer is Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University.
Visit Susan Seizer’s website, which includes links to full-text reviews.
REVIEWS
“Susan Seizer presents rich and intriguing material about a dramatic performance tradition at the same time that she provides smart, insightful, and sophisticated interpretations linking it to wider discussions. Stigmas of the Tamil Stage deserves to be read, discussed, and used to further debates in many fields of study.”—Paula Richman, editor of Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia
“Susan Seizer’s moving and unique perspective on the fate of popular cultural practices in an age and society dominated by the norms and prescriptions of bourgeois modernity makes her work important and insightful not just for scholars of South Asia but for all those who are interested in the general problematic of popular culture, performance traditions, and modernity globally.”—Sumathi Ramaswamy, author of The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Notes on Transliteration xxi
Introduction
Preface: A Conversation on Culture 1
Birth of This Project 9
Writing about Special Drama 12
Methods 14
Geographic Relations and the Historical Ethnographic Present 16
Why Comedy Is a Good Site for the Study of Culture 19
What Is Special Drama? 21
Making a Living 24
What Is Special about Special Drama? 26
Naming Matters 28
"Hey Drama People!": Stigma at Work 30
"Actors Have No Murai": A Proverbial Lack 32
Part One: The History and Organization of Special Drama 35
Part Two: Comedy 36
Part Three: Lives 38
Part One: The History and Organization of Special Drama
1. Legacies of Discourse: Special Drama and Its History 43
The Legend and Legacy of Sankaradas Swamigal 43
The History of Special Drama 47
Tamil Drama History, Stage One (of Undatable Roots) 49
Tamil Drama History, Stage Two 51
Tamil Drama History, Stage Three 52
Tamil Drama History, Stage Four 53
The Disciplined Life of the Drama Company 55
Life on the Margins of the Companies 60
Tamil Drama History, Stage Five: A New Historical Trajectory 62
The Legacy of the Company Model in Special Drama 64
Discourse of Vulgarity, Legacy of Shame 66
Context: The History of Modernity in Tamilnadu 70
Drama Actors Sangams 71
Why Actors Stand Still: Onstage Movement as the Embodiment of Vulgarity 77
The Stage Today 81
From Urban to Rurban 83
2. Prestige Hierarchies in Two and Three Dimensions: Drama Notices and the Organization of Special Drama 86
Early Drama Notices, 1891-1926 87
The Photograph Enters Notices, 1926-1936 92
English in the Vocabulary of Special Drama Artists: Jansirani and Sivakami 99
Midcentury Notices and Artists, 1942-1964 (M. K. Kamalam) 103
The Current Form of Notices: Roles and Ranks 111
The Photographic Style of Contemporary Notices 117
The Prestige Hierarchies of Artists as Pictured on Drama Notices 122
The Iconicity of the Contemporary Notice: Structured Spaces and Places 131
Drama Sponsorship and the Written Text of the Contemporary Drama Notice 132
The Working Network That Makes Special Drama Work 140