Asbestos and Fire: Technological Tradeoffs and the Body at Risk
by Rachel Maines
Rutgers University Press, 2013 Cloth: 978-0-8135-3575-3 | Paper: 978-0-8135-6472-2 | eISBN: 978-0-8135-7709-8 Library of Congress Classification TA455.A6M33 2005 Dewey Decimal Classification 363.738494
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
For much of the industrial era, asbestos was a widely acclaimed benchmark material. During its heyday, it was manufactured into nearly three thousand different products, most of which protected life and property from heat, flame, and electricity. It was used in virtually every industry from hotel keeping to military technology to chemical manufacturing, and was integral to building construction from shacks to skyscrapers in every community across the United States. Beginning in the mid-1960s, however, this once popular mineral began a rapid fall from grace as growing attention to the serious health risks associated with it began to overshadow the protections and benefits it provided.
In this thought-provoking and controversial book, Rachel Maines challenges the recent vilification of asbestos by providing a historical perspective on Americans’ changing perceptions about risk. She suggests that the very success of asbestos and other fire-prevention technologies in containing deadly blazes has led to a sort of historical amnesia about the very risks they were supposed to reduce.
Asbestos and Fire is not only the most thoroughly researched and balanced look at the history of asbestos, it is also an important contribution to a larger debate that considers how the risks of technological solutions should be evaluated. As technology offers us ever-increasing opportunities to protect and prevent, Maines urges that learning to accept and effectively address the unintended consequences of technological innovations is a growing part of our collective responsibility.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
RACHEL MAINES, PhD, is a visiting scientist in the Cornell University School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. She is the author of The Technology of Orgasm: Hysteria, the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction and Hedonizing Technologies: Pathways to Pleasure in Hobbies and Leisure.
REVIEWS
"Asbestos and Fire adds a highly useful volume to the growing shelf of books that tell the 'life story' of industrial materials that build, support, and also sometimes imperil modern life."
— Technology and Culture
"For anyone interested in the history of health and safety this is a book worth reading."
— EH.NET
"Against a backdrop in which the mere mention of 'asbestos' strikes fear, Rachel Maines reminds readers of the valuable role asbestos has played as an insulating and fire-stopping material. She shows the complexity of technological solutions through the example of asbestos: how and why a material developed for the purpose of saving lives was withdrawn from the market when its risks were perceived to outweigh its benefits. Anyone wanting to know about the history of asbestos use will find this book to be an excellent reference."
— Sara E. Wermiel, Ph.D., author of The Fireproof Building
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
List of Illustrations and Tables
Preface
1. The Asbestos Technology Decision Environment
2. Asbestos before 1880: From Natural Wonder to Industrial Material
3. The Rise of the Asbestos Curtain
4. Mass Destruction by Fire: Asbestos in World War II
5. Schools, Homes, and Workplaces: Fire Prevention in the Postwar Built Environment
6. The Asbestos Tort Conflagration
Appendix A: Some Asbestos End-Uses in the United States, 1850-1990
Appendix B: Selected List of Organizations Including Asbestos in Codes, Standards, or Recommendations, 1880-1980
Notes
Index
Illustrations
1. Destruction of Hamburg, 1943
2. Major Loss of Life in Twentieth-Century U.S. Building Fires
3. Salem, Massachusetts, Conflagration of 1914
4. Saint Benedict and Leo with Asbestos Foot Cloth
5. Ebonized Asbestos Switchboard, 1936
6. German illustration of the burning of half a shed
7. Drawing of an asbestos and steel curtain
8. Photograph of asbestos and steel curtain
9. Photograph of New York City Fire Department model theater
10. Cartoon of Russo-Japanese War as stage play
11. Drawing of a fire-resistive projection booth
12. Photograph of 1910 asbestos-lined projection booth
13. Photograph of Steiner Tunnel Test at Underwriter's Laboratories
14. Schematic drawing of code-compliant chimney construction, from NFPA Handbook
15. Apparent Consumption of Asbestos in the United States, 1913-1980
16. Johns Manville photo of GE steel furnace workers in asbestos robes, 1930
17. Plan of Lexington carrier hangar deck with asbestos curtain
18. Photo of Lexington carrier hangar deck with asbestos curtain
19. Navy firefighters in proximity clothing, c. 1944
20. Incendiary-suppression team with Bestobells
21. Sanborn fire insurance map of an American city
22. Bodies in the streets of Tokyo, 1945
23. Collinwood School fire
24. Parents outside Our Lady of the Angels, 1958
25. Complete burnout of second-floor hallway, Our Lady of the Angels
26. Fire map of Hiroshima, 1945
27. Plan, U.S. Department of Defense basement fallout shelter of asbestos-cement
28. Funeral mass for twenty-five victims of Our Lady of the Angels fire
Tables
1. Flame Spread Ratios of Fire-Resistive Materials
2. U.S. Fire Deaths, Asbestos Use, and Population, 1932-1980
3. Manufactured Asbestos Products Exported from the United States, 1931-1980
4. Strategic and Critical Materials List, January 30, 1940
Asbestos and Fire: Technological Tradeoffs and the Body at Risk
by Rachel Maines
Rutgers University Press, 2013 Cloth: 978-0-8135-3575-3 Paper: 978-0-8135-6472-2 eISBN: 978-0-8135-7709-8
For much of the industrial era, asbestos was a widely acclaimed benchmark material. During its heyday, it was manufactured into nearly three thousand different products, most of which protected life and property from heat, flame, and electricity. It was used in virtually every industry from hotel keeping to military technology to chemical manufacturing, and was integral to building construction from shacks to skyscrapers in every community across the United States. Beginning in the mid-1960s, however, this once popular mineral began a rapid fall from grace as growing attention to the serious health risks associated with it began to overshadow the protections and benefits it provided.
In this thought-provoking and controversial book, Rachel Maines challenges the recent vilification of asbestos by providing a historical perspective on Americans’ changing perceptions about risk. She suggests that the very success of asbestos and other fire-prevention technologies in containing deadly blazes has led to a sort of historical amnesia about the very risks they were supposed to reduce.
Asbestos and Fire is not only the most thoroughly researched and balanced look at the history of asbestos, it is also an important contribution to a larger debate that considers how the risks of technological solutions should be evaluated. As technology offers us ever-increasing opportunities to protect and prevent, Maines urges that learning to accept and effectively address the unintended consequences of technological innovations is a growing part of our collective responsibility.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
RACHEL MAINES, PhD, is a visiting scientist in the Cornell University School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. She is the author of The Technology of Orgasm: Hysteria, the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction and Hedonizing Technologies: Pathways to Pleasure in Hobbies and Leisure.
REVIEWS
"Asbestos and Fire adds a highly useful volume to the growing shelf of books that tell the 'life story' of industrial materials that build, support, and also sometimes imperil modern life."
— Technology and Culture
"For anyone interested in the history of health and safety this is a book worth reading."
— EH.NET
"Against a backdrop in which the mere mention of 'asbestos' strikes fear, Rachel Maines reminds readers of the valuable role asbestos has played as an insulating and fire-stopping material. She shows the complexity of technological solutions through the example of asbestos: how and why a material developed for the purpose of saving lives was withdrawn from the market when its risks were perceived to outweigh its benefits. Anyone wanting to know about the history of asbestos use will find this book to be an excellent reference."
— Sara E. Wermiel, Ph.D., author of The Fireproof Building
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
List of Illustrations and Tables
Preface
1. The Asbestos Technology Decision Environment
2. Asbestos before 1880: From Natural Wonder to Industrial Material
3. The Rise of the Asbestos Curtain
4. Mass Destruction by Fire: Asbestos in World War II
5. Schools, Homes, and Workplaces: Fire Prevention in the Postwar Built Environment
6. The Asbestos Tort Conflagration
Appendix A: Some Asbestos End-Uses in the United States, 1850-1990
Appendix B: Selected List of Organizations Including Asbestos in Codes, Standards, or Recommendations, 1880-1980
Notes
Index
Illustrations
1. Destruction of Hamburg, 1943
2. Major Loss of Life in Twentieth-Century U.S. Building Fires
3. Salem, Massachusetts, Conflagration of 1914
4. Saint Benedict and Leo with Asbestos Foot Cloth
5. Ebonized Asbestos Switchboard, 1936
6. German illustration of the burning of half a shed
7. Drawing of an asbestos and steel curtain
8. Photograph of asbestos and steel curtain
9. Photograph of New York City Fire Department model theater
10. Cartoon of Russo-Japanese War as stage play
11. Drawing of a fire-resistive projection booth
12. Photograph of 1910 asbestos-lined projection booth
13. Photograph of Steiner Tunnel Test at Underwriter's Laboratories
14. Schematic drawing of code-compliant chimney construction, from NFPA Handbook
15. Apparent Consumption of Asbestos in the United States, 1913-1980
16. Johns Manville photo of GE steel furnace workers in asbestos robes, 1930
17. Plan of Lexington carrier hangar deck with asbestos curtain
18. Photo of Lexington carrier hangar deck with asbestos curtain
19. Navy firefighters in proximity clothing, c. 1944
20. Incendiary-suppression team with Bestobells
21. Sanborn fire insurance map of an American city
22. Bodies in the streets of Tokyo, 1945
23. Collinwood School fire
24. Parents outside Our Lady of the Angels, 1958
25. Complete burnout of second-floor hallway, Our Lady of the Angels
26. Fire map of Hiroshima, 1945
27. Plan, U.S. Department of Defense basement fallout shelter of asbestos-cement
28. Funeral mass for twenty-five victims of Our Lady of the Angels fire
Tables
1. Flame Spread Ratios of Fire-Resistive Materials
2. U.S. Fire Deaths, Asbestos Use, and Population, 1932-1980
3. Manufactured Asbestos Products Exported from the United States, 1931-1980
4. Strategic and Critical Materials List, January 30, 1940
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC