Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance, 1850s-1920s
by Krystyn R. Moon
Rutgers University Press, 2004 Paper: 978-0-8135-3507-4 | eISBN: 978-0-8135-8363-1 | Cloth: 978-0-8135-3506-7 Library of Congress Classification ML3477.M66 2005 Dewey Decimal Classification 780.89951073
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Music and performance provide a unique window into the ways that cultural information is circulated and perceptions are constructed. Because they both require listening, are inherently ephemeral, and most often involve collaboration between disparate groups, they inform cultural perceptions differently from literary or visual art forms, which tend to be more tangible and stable.
In Yellowface, Krystyn R. Moon explores the contributions of writers, performers, producers, and consumers in order to demonstrate how popular music and performance has played an important role in constructing Chinese and Chinese American stereotypes. The book brings to life the rich musical period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this time, Chinese and Chinese American musicians and performers appeared in a variety of venues, including museums, community theaters, and world’s fairs, where they displayed their cultural heritage and contested anti-Chinese attitudes. A smaller number crossed over into vaudeville and performed non-Chinese materials. Moon shows how these performers carefully navigated between racist attitudes and their own artistic desires.
While many scholars have studied both African American music and blackface minstrelsy, little attention has been given to Chinese and Chinese American music. This book provides a rare look at the way that immigrants actively participated in the creation, circulation, and, at times, subversion of Chinese stereotypes through their musical and performance work.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Krystyn R. Moon is an assistant professor at Georgia State University, where she teaches U.S. cultural history and Asian American history.
REVIEWS
"Yellowface details the theatrical and musical history of Chinese and Chinese American performance at a time when 'Asian American' identity was unheard of. It should be a welcome addition to Asian American studies and American cultural history, as well as theater and music history."
— Josephine Lee, author of Performing Asian America: Race and Ethnicity on the Contemporary Stage
"Krystyn Moon has produced a finely detailed and nuanced study of China and Chinese Americans on the nineteenth-century American musical stage. Yellowface is an important work for anyone interested in the history of American popular culture and race."
— Robert G. Lee, author of Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Imagining China: Early Nineteenth-Century Writings and Musical Productions 16
Nineteenth-Century American and European Writers 20
Exceptions 29
Early-American Visions of China in Music 34
Chapter 2: Towards Exclusion: American Popular Songs on Chinese
Immigration, 1850-1882 53
The Creation of "John Chinaman" 57
Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee" 69
Yellowface 73
"Peculiar" Cultural Practices and Chinese Exclusion 81
Chapter 3: Chinese and Chinese Immigrant Performers on the American
Stage, 1830s-1920s 101
Human Curiosities 103
Chinese Immigrants and Music in Public and Private Spaces 119
Chinese Theaters 127
World Expositions 143
Chapter 4: The Sounds of Chinese Otherness and American Popular
Music, 1880s-1920s 154
Transcriptions of Chinese Music 157
Musical Representations 169
Chapter 5: From Aversion to Fascination: New Lyrics and Voices, 186
1880s-1920s
Yellowface and its Codification 190
China, Chinatowns, and Racialized Space 196
The Arrival of China Doll and Ming Toy 204
African Americans and New Racializations 216
Chapter 6: The Rise of Chinese and Chinese American Vaudevillians,
1900s-1920s 223
Openings 238
Types of Acts 246
Conclusion 263
Appendix A 274
Appendix B 298
Notes 303
Index
About the Author
Illustrations
Illustration 1: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Chinese Costume 2
Illustration 2: "Moo-Lee-Chwa" (1796) by Karl Kambra and Dr. Scott 36
Illustration 3: Charles Towner and Bret Harte's "The Heathen
Chinee" (1870) 72
Illustration 4: Backus Minstrels Playbill, California Theater, San Francisco 78
Illustration 5: Portrait of Ackland Von Boyle from the New York Dramatic
Mirror (January 31, 1880) 79
Illustration 6: Afong Moy Broadside, North American Hotel, New Orleans 108
Illustration 7: Portrait of Yut Gum from the New York World (June 21, 1896) 139
Illustration 8: Introduction from Lee Johnson's "Chinese Highbinder
Patrol" (1897) 173
Illustration 9: William Furst's "A Chinese Ballad" (1897) published in the
New York Tribune 174
Illustration 10: "Ballad" from J. A. Van Aalst's Chinese Music 175
Illustration 11: J. S. Zamecnik's "Chinese Music" (1913) 177
Illustration 12: "Chinese Popular Air No. 1" (1805) from John Barrow's
Travels in China 178
Illustration 13: William Jerome and Jean Schwartz's "Chinatown, My
Chinatown" (1910) 179-81
Illustration 14: Willard Robison's "Up and Down in China" (1926) 183-85
Illustration 15: Female Hairstyles from the libretto of Yellow Jacket 193
Illustration 16: Backdrop from the libretto for The Yellow Jacket 195
Illustration 17: Portrait of Fay Bainter as Ming Toy from the sheet
music cover of Bower's "Chinese Lullaby" (1919) 210
Illustration 18: Roy Turk, Bert Grant, & Cecil Arnold's "Ming Toy" (1919) 212
Illustration 19: Alex Rogers and Bert A. William's "Chink Chink
Chineeman" (1909) 226-29
Illustration 20: Cook and Stevens Advertisement from The New York
Age (December 24, 1908) 230
Illustration 21: Portrait of Chee Toy from a Sheet Music Cover 242
Illustration 22: Portrait of Chung Hwa Comedy Four in Tuxedos 247
Illustration 23: Portrait of Jue Quon Tai 249
Illustration 24: Portrait of Lady Tsen Mei from a Sheet Music Cover 250
Illustration 25: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Scottish Costume 260
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Popular music United States History and criticism, Chinese Americans Music History and criticism
Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance, 1850s-1920s
by Krystyn R. Moon
Rutgers University Press, 2004 Paper: 978-0-8135-3507-4 eISBN: 978-0-8135-8363-1 Cloth: 978-0-8135-3506-7
Music and performance provide a unique window into the ways that cultural information is circulated and perceptions are constructed. Because they both require listening, are inherently ephemeral, and most often involve collaboration between disparate groups, they inform cultural perceptions differently from literary or visual art forms, which tend to be more tangible and stable.
In Yellowface, Krystyn R. Moon explores the contributions of writers, performers, producers, and consumers in order to demonstrate how popular music and performance has played an important role in constructing Chinese and Chinese American stereotypes. The book brings to life the rich musical period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this time, Chinese and Chinese American musicians and performers appeared in a variety of venues, including museums, community theaters, and world’s fairs, where they displayed their cultural heritage and contested anti-Chinese attitudes. A smaller number crossed over into vaudeville and performed non-Chinese materials. Moon shows how these performers carefully navigated between racist attitudes and their own artistic desires.
While many scholars have studied both African American music and blackface minstrelsy, little attention has been given to Chinese and Chinese American music. This book provides a rare look at the way that immigrants actively participated in the creation, circulation, and, at times, subversion of Chinese stereotypes through their musical and performance work.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Krystyn R. Moon is an assistant professor at Georgia State University, where she teaches U.S. cultural history and Asian American history.
REVIEWS
"Yellowface details the theatrical and musical history of Chinese and Chinese American performance at a time when 'Asian American' identity was unheard of. It should be a welcome addition to Asian American studies and American cultural history, as well as theater and music history."
— Josephine Lee, author of Performing Asian America: Race and Ethnicity on the Contemporary Stage
"Krystyn Moon has produced a finely detailed and nuanced study of China and Chinese Americans on the nineteenth-century American musical stage. Yellowface is an important work for anyone interested in the history of American popular culture and race."
— Robert G. Lee, author of Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Imagining China: Early Nineteenth-Century Writings and Musical Productions 16
Nineteenth-Century American and European Writers 20
Exceptions 29
Early-American Visions of China in Music 34
Chapter 2: Towards Exclusion: American Popular Songs on Chinese
Immigration, 1850-1882 53
The Creation of "John Chinaman" 57
Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee" 69
Yellowface 73
"Peculiar" Cultural Practices and Chinese Exclusion 81
Chapter 3: Chinese and Chinese Immigrant Performers on the American
Stage, 1830s-1920s 101
Human Curiosities 103
Chinese Immigrants and Music in Public and Private Spaces 119
Chinese Theaters 127
World Expositions 143
Chapter 4: The Sounds of Chinese Otherness and American Popular
Music, 1880s-1920s 154
Transcriptions of Chinese Music 157
Musical Representations 169
Chapter 5: From Aversion to Fascination: New Lyrics and Voices, 186
1880s-1920s
Yellowface and its Codification 190
China, Chinatowns, and Racialized Space 196
The Arrival of China Doll and Ming Toy 204
African Americans and New Racializations 216
Chapter 6: The Rise of Chinese and Chinese American Vaudevillians,
1900s-1920s 223
Openings 238
Types of Acts 246
Conclusion 263
Appendix A 274
Appendix B 298
Notes 303
Index
About the Author
Illustrations
Illustration 1: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Chinese Costume 2
Illustration 2: "Moo-Lee-Chwa" (1796) by Karl Kambra and Dr. Scott 36
Illustration 3: Charles Towner and Bret Harte's "The Heathen
Chinee" (1870) 72
Illustration 4: Backus Minstrels Playbill, California Theater, San Francisco 78
Illustration 5: Portrait of Ackland Von Boyle from the New York Dramatic
Mirror (January 31, 1880) 79
Illustration 6: Afong Moy Broadside, North American Hotel, New Orleans 108
Illustration 7: Portrait of Yut Gum from the New York World (June 21, 1896) 139
Illustration 8: Introduction from Lee Johnson's "Chinese Highbinder
Patrol" (1897) 173
Illustration 9: William Furst's "A Chinese Ballad" (1897) published in the
New York Tribune 174
Illustration 10: "Ballad" from J. A. Van Aalst's Chinese Music 175
Illustration 11: J. S. Zamecnik's "Chinese Music" (1913) 177
Illustration 12: "Chinese Popular Air No. 1" (1805) from John Barrow's
Travels in China 178
Illustration 13: William Jerome and Jean Schwartz's "Chinatown, My
Chinatown" (1910) 179-81
Illustration 14: Willard Robison's "Up and Down in China" (1926) 183-85
Illustration 15: Female Hairstyles from the libretto of Yellow Jacket 193
Illustration 16: Backdrop from the libretto for The Yellow Jacket 195
Illustration 17: Portrait of Fay Bainter as Ming Toy from the sheet
music cover of Bower's "Chinese Lullaby" (1919) 210
Illustration 18: Roy Turk, Bert Grant, & Cecil Arnold's "Ming Toy" (1919) 212
Illustration 19: Alex Rogers and Bert A. William's "Chink Chink
Chineeman" (1909) 226-29
Illustration 20: Cook and Stevens Advertisement from The New York
Age (December 24, 1908) 230
Illustration 21: Portrait of Chee Toy from a Sheet Music Cover 242
Illustration 22: Portrait of Chung Hwa Comedy Four in Tuxedos 247
Illustration 23: Portrait of Jue Quon Tai 249
Illustration 24: Portrait of Lady Tsen Mei from a Sheet Music Cover 250
Illustration 25: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Scottish Costume 260
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Popular music United States History and criticism, Chinese Americans Music History and criticism
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC