edited by Patricia C. Wright, Elwyn L. Simons and Sharon Gursky-Doyen
Rutgers University Press, 2003 eISBN: 978-0-8135-5894-3 | Cloth: 978-0-8135-3236-3 Library of Congress Classification QL737.P965T37 2003 Dewey Decimal Classification 599.83
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Tarsiiformes, or tarsiers for short, are a group of living species of special interest to primatologists because their combination of derived and ancient characters make them pivotal to understanding the roots of primate evolution. These small-bodied, nocturnal, solitary creatures resemble lower primates in their behavior but genetically, DNA evidence aligns them more closely with higher primates, such as monkeys, apes, and humans. These astounding creatures exhibit an ability found in no other living mammal¾they can turn their heads 180 degrees in either direction to see both prey and predators. The world’s only exclusive carnivorous primate, they eat live food (primarily insects, but the occasional vertebrate, such as lizards, snakes, or frogs will also do). This unique combination of behavior and anatomy makes the tarsier an especially interesting and controversial animal for study among primate behaviorists, evolutionists, and taxonomists, who view the tarsiers as “living fossils” that link past and present, lower and higher, primates in the long chain of evolutionary history.
This new volume presents alternative and contrasting perspectives on the most debated questions that have arisen in tarsier studies. Top researchers bring together perspectives from anatomical, behavioral, genetic, and conservation studies in this new and exciting addition to the understanding of primate evolution.
This book is a volume in the Rutgers Series on Human Evolution, edited by Robert Trivers, Lee Cronk, Helen Fischer, and Lionel Tiger.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction
Patricia C. Wright, Elwyn L. Simons, and Sharon Gursky 1
PART 1: PAST: Origins, Phylogeny, Anatomy, and Genetics
CHAPTER 1: The Fossil Record of Tarsier Evolution Elwyn L. Simons 9
CHAPTER 2: The Evolution of the Tarsiid Niche Nina G. Jablonski 35
CHAPTER 3: How Close Are the Similarities between Tarsius and Other Primates?
Jeffrey H. Schwartz 50
CHAPTER 4: Morphometrics, Functional Anatomy, and the Biomechanics of
Locomotion among Tarsiers Robert L. Anemone and Brett A. Nachman 97
CHAPTER 5: The Axial Skeleton of Primates: How Does Genus Tarsius Fit?
Friderun A. Ankel-Simons and Cornelia Simons 121
CHAPTER 6: Phylogenetic Position of Tarsiers within the Order Primates:
Evidence from y-Globin DNA Sequences Carla M. Meireles, John Czelusniak,
Scott L. Page, Derek E. Wildman, and Morris Goodman 145
CHAPTER 7: The Phylogenetic Position of Genus Tarsius: Whose Side Are You On? Anne D. Yoder 161
PART 2: PRESENT: Taxonomy, Behavioral Ecology, and Vocalizations
CHAPTER 8: The Tarsiers of Sulawesi Colin P. Groves 179
CHAPTER 9: Outline of the Vocal Behavior of Tarsius spectrum:
Call Features, Associated Behaviors, and Biological Functions Alexandra Nietsch 196
CHAPTER 10: Territoriality in the Spectral Tarsier, Tarsius spectrum Sharon Gursky 221
CHAPTER 11: The Natural History of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)
Marian Dagosto, Daniel L. Gebo, and Cynthia N. Dolino 237
CHAPTER 12: Can We Predict Seasonal Behavior and Social Organization from Sexual Dimorphism and Testes Measurements?
Patricia C. Wright, Sharon T. Pochron, David H. Haring, and Elwyn L. Simons 260
PART 3: FUTURE: Conservation
CHAPTER 13: History of Captive Conservation of Tarsiers Helena M. Fitch-Snyder 277
CHAPTER 14: Are Tarsiers Silently Leaping into Extinction? Patricia C. Wright 296
The Editors and Contributors 309
Index 313
edited by Patricia C. Wright, Elwyn L. Simons and Sharon Gursky-Doyen
Rutgers University Press, 2003 eISBN: 978-0-8135-5894-3 Cloth: 978-0-8135-3236-3
Tarsiiformes, or tarsiers for short, are a group of living species of special interest to primatologists because their combination of derived and ancient characters make them pivotal to understanding the roots of primate evolution. These small-bodied, nocturnal, solitary creatures resemble lower primates in their behavior but genetically, DNA evidence aligns them more closely with higher primates, such as monkeys, apes, and humans. These astounding creatures exhibit an ability found in no other living mammal¾they can turn their heads 180 degrees in either direction to see both prey and predators. The world’s only exclusive carnivorous primate, they eat live food (primarily insects, but the occasional vertebrate, such as lizards, snakes, or frogs will also do). This unique combination of behavior and anatomy makes the tarsier an especially interesting and controversial animal for study among primate behaviorists, evolutionists, and taxonomists, who view the tarsiers as “living fossils” that link past and present, lower and higher, primates in the long chain of evolutionary history.
This new volume presents alternative and contrasting perspectives on the most debated questions that have arisen in tarsier studies. Top researchers bring together perspectives from anatomical, behavioral, genetic, and conservation studies in this new and exciting addition to the understanding of primate evolution.
This book is a volume in the Rutgers Series on Human Evolution, edited by Robert Trivers, Lee Cronk, Helen Fischer, and Lionel Tiger.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction
Patricia C. Wright, Elwyn L. Simons, and Sharon Gursky 1
PART 1: PAST: Origins, Phylogeny, Anatomy, and Genetics
CHAPTER 1: The Fossil Record of Tarsier Evolution Elwyn L. Simons 9
CHAPTER 2: The Evolution of the Tarsiid Niche Nina G. Jablonski 35
CHAPTER 3: How Close Are the Similarities between Tarsius and Other Primates?
Jeffrey H. Schwartz 50
CHAPTER 4: Morphometrics, Functional Anatomy, and the Biomechanics of
Locomotion among Tarsiers Robert L. Anemone and Brett A. Nachman 97
CHAPTER 5: The Axial Skeleton of Primates: How Does Genus Tarsius Fit?
Friderun A. Ankel-Simons and Cornelia Simons 121
CHAPTER 6: Phylogenetic Position of Tarsiers within the Order Primates:
Evidence from y-Globin DNA Sequences Carla M. Meireles, John Czelusniak,
Scott L. Page, Derek E. Wildman, and Morris Goodman 145
CHAPTER 7: The Phylogenetic Position of Genus Tarsius: Whose Side Are You On? Anne D. Yoder 161
PART 2: PRESENT: Taxonomy, Behavioral Ecology, and Vocalizations
CHAPTER 8: The Tarsiers of Sulawesi Colin P. Groves 179
CHAPTER 9: Outline of the Vocal Behavior of Tarsius spectrum:
Call Features, Associated Behaviors, and Biological Functions Alexandra Nietsch 196
CHAPTER 10: Territoriality in the Spectral Tarsier, Tarsius spectrum Sharon Gursky 221
CHAPTER 11: The Natural History of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)
Marian Dagosto, Daniel L. Gebo, and Cynthia N. Dolino 237
CHAPTER 12: Can We Predict Seasonal Behavior and Social Organization from Sexual Dimorphism and Testes Measurements?
Patricia C. Wright, Sharon T. Pochron, David H. Haring, and Elwyn L. Simons 260
PART 3: FUTURE: Conservation
CHAPTER 13: History of Captive Conservation of Tarsiers Helena M. Fitch-Snyder 277
CHAPTER 14: Are Tarsiers Silently Leaping into Extinction? Patricia C. Wright 296
The Editors and Contributors 309
Index 313