Editorializing "The Indian Problem": The New York Times on Native Americans, 1860-1900
by Robert Hays foreword by Paul Simon
Southern Illinois University Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-8093-8955-1 | Paper: 978-0-8093-2762-1 Library of Congress Classification E98.P99H39 2007 Dewey Decimal Classification 973.0497
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Drawing on four decades of New York Times editorials, Robert Hays demonstrates the magnitude of the conflict between Native American and white European cultures as settlers and adventurers spread rapidly across the continent in the post–Civil War period.
From 1860 through 1900, the Times published nearly a thousand editorials on what was commonly called “the Indian problem.” Selecting some of the best of these editorials, Hays gives readers what current accounts cannot: contemporary writers’ perspectives on the public images of Native Americans and their place in a nation bent on expansion. Some editorials express the unbridled bitterness and raw ambition of a nation immersed in an agenda of conquest, while others resonate with the struggle to find a common ground. Still others evince an attitude of respect, which set the tone for reconciling national ambition with natural rights.
American history demonstrates time and again the price of Manifest Destiny.
Many of the issues confronting nineteenth-century Native Americans remain alive today: unemployment, infant mortality, suicide, crime, alcoholism, and poverty. In presenting the authentic and urgent voices of a national newspaper’s daily record, Hays illuminates the roots of our current challenges.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Robert Hays has been a newspaper reporter, magazine editor, public relations writer, and university professor. His books include Country Editor, State Science in Illinois, and Early Stories from the Land. He collaborated with Brigadier General Oscar W. Koch on G-2: Intelligence for Patton, which has become a standard reference for World War II historians.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Foreword xv
Paul Simon
Preface to the paperback edition xix
Preface 000
Introduction 000
1. The Times and ¿the Indian Problem¿ 1
2. The Status of the Indian 19
The Indian Territory¿August 13, 1864 22
The Indian Appropriations¿March 23, 1869 24
Improving the Indians¿November 5, 1869 25
Fair Play for the Indian¿December 17, 1869 27
A New Way with the Indian¿January 26, 1870 29
The Wards of the Nation¿May 31, 1875 31
Decrease of the Indians¿June 24, 1878 33
Indian Civil Rights¿May 21, 1879 35
Civil Rights in Acres¿February 21, 1880 37
Qualifications for Citizenship¿March 13, 1880 40
Indians as Citizens¿February 19, 1881 43
What Will We Do with Them?¿June 18, 1883 45
[Untitled]¿July 31, 1892 46
[Untitled]¿May 23, 1894 47
The Indians and the Game Laws¿August 18, 1895 48
3. The National Indian Policy 51
Our Frontier Policy¿March 8, 1860 54
Our Indian Policy¿December 8, 1860 55
Indian Affairs and the Secretary of the Interior¿December 23, 1865 58
A Friendless Race¿May 20, 1866 60
Our Indian Policy¿May 26, 1867 61
Indian Colonization¿July 7, 1867 63
The Indians¿What Policy Shall We Pursue?¿January 19, 1870 65
The Oldest of American Difficulties¿May 22, 1870 67
Taming the Savage¿April 15, 1875 69
Gen. Grant¿s Peace Policy¿July 30, 1876 72
Congress and the Indians¿October 7, 1879 74
In the Way¿December 24, 1879 76
A Profitable Policy¿January 18, 1880 78
Twelve Indians Wanted¿January 24, 1880 81
The Indian Severalty Law¿May 27, 1887 83
Our Indian Policy¿December 2, 1890 85
Gen. Miles on the Indians¿December 29, 1890 87
The Reservation System¿October 19, 1891 89
Promoted Indian Pauperism¿November 15, 1900 91
4. The Chiefs
The Red Man Eloquent¿November 9, 1867 96
The Appeal of the Red Man¿June 8, 1870 100
The Last Appeal of Red Cloud¿June 17, 1870 101
A Sioux Hero¿August 6, 1871 103
[Untitled]¿October , 1873 104
The Apotheosis of Capt. Jack¿October 23, 1874 105
Satanta¿November 5, 1874 i06
The Surrender of Chief Joseph¿August ix, 1877 i08
An Impudent Indian¿September 4, 1877 110
The Indian View¿November 1, 1877 112
The Exile¿s Return¿December 21, 1877 115
The End of Victorio¿October 29, 1880 117
Sitting Bull¿November 25, 1880 119
Geronimo¿s Band of Thugs¿June 2, 1885 121
Disposing of Geronimo¿October x5, 1886 122
Exit Sitting Bull¿December x6, 1890 124
Chief Joseph¿April 24, 1897 125
5. The Indian Wars 127
Frontier Matters¿July 3, i86i 131
The Indians¿August 12, 1865 132
Cruelty to the Indians¿October ii, 1865 132
New Indian Difficulties¿September 2, 1866 133
Our Indian Policy¿The Recommendations of Gen. Grant¿December 9, x866 134
Sheridan¿s Winter Campaign¿December 4, 1868 136
The Indians¿August 27, 1874 138
An Indian Victory¿July 7, 1876 141
The Indian War¿July i8, 1876 143
The War with the Nez Percés¿August 14,1877 145
Modern Indian Campaigning¿August i6, 1877 147
The Indian Frontier Movements¿April 29, 1878 149
Indian Wars as Investments¿August 20, 1878 151
Another Indian War¿October 3, 1879 154
[Untitled]¿August 12, 1882 156
Gen. Crook¿s Victory¿June 14, 1883 157
The Restless Cheyennes¿July ii, 1885 158
The Apache Campaign¿November i3, 1886 161
The Ute Outbreak¿August 24, .1887 162
The Indians and the Army¿November 24, 1890 164
The Coming Indian Fight¿January 6, 1891 166
[Untitled]¿May 30, 1891 168
6. Encroaching Civilization 171
What Shall Be Done with the Indians?¿April 23, 1867 174
Our Indian Troubles¿How to Meet Them¿July x, 1867 176
The Quakers and the Indians¿April 25, 1869 179
The Duty of the Churches to the Indians¿May 30, 1870 180
An Aboriginal Convention¿August 3, 1875 182
The Kidnapped Kiamath¿September¿4, 1873 185
The ¿White Man¿s Secret¿October 3, 1877 187
The Indians of the North-West¿July 12, 1878 189
The Indian Lobby¿January 17, 1879 192
Improving the Utes¿October 9, 1879 194
A Triumph of Civilization¿November 26, 1882 196
A Modern Indian¿August 19, 1886 198
[Untitled]¿March14, 1891 200
[Untitled]¿March 16, 1891 200
[Untitled]¿February 6, 1892 201
Indian Education¿September 20, 1892 202
[Untitled]¿December 10, 1892 204
Indians and Civilization¿September 5, x899 204
7. Massacres and Lesser Injustices 207
Indian Outrage, and Indian Wrongs¿April 28, 1867 210
A Premium for Scalps¿June 23, 1867 213
The Piegan Slaughter and Its Apologists¿March 10, 1870 216
Another Border Atrocity¿June 10, 1873 217
Umatilla Troubles¿October 25, 1878 219
The Wronged Poncas¿December 19, 1879 221
The Southern Utes¿August 27, 1885 224
The Ute Indemnity¿January 1, i888 225
The Indian Massacre¿December 31, 1890 227
A Lesson in ¿Civilization¿¿June 29, 1897¿229
The Indian Rising¿October 7, 1898 230
8. Treaties and Other Broken Promises 233
The New War on the Frontier¿How It May Be Prevented¿July 1, 1868 236
The Kansas Indians¿August 30, 1868 237
The Brunot Treaty¿February 22, 1876 239
A Lesson from the Nez Percés¿October 15, 1877 240
The Cheyenne Tragedy¿January 13, 1879 243
The Ute Agreement¿August 6, 1880 246
The President and the Indians¿February 3, 1881 248
The Public Faith¿April 21, 1882 250
The Indian Territory¿December 5, 1884 253
9. Public Opinion and the Role of the Press 255
The Policy of Extermination as Applied to the Indians¿May 16, 1866 258
Our Indian Troubles¿Feeling of the Western People¿June 8, 1867 260
Our Indian Policy¿July 5, 1867 262
The Indian Question¿September 22, 1867 265
The Dying Race¿May 21, 1875 267
Enlightened Savages¿October 24, 1875 269
Politics Run Mad¿July 8, 1876 271
Extermination¿July 12, 1876 273
Gentle Woman¿October 14, 1879 276
The Indian Bureau Troubles¿January 16, 1880 278
Missouri Missionaries¿February 17, 1880 281
Indians and Skunks¿February 18, 1881 283
A Difficult Question¿September 20, 1881 285
Secretary Teller¿s Indian Policy¿April 29, 1882 287
Mr. Welsh on the Indian Outbreak¿March 29, 1891 290
10. Corruption 293
The Sacs and Foxes and Their Wileys and Whistlers¿December 20, 1868 297
A Question of ¿Spoils¿¿March 20, 1876 299
A Standing Grievance¿September 29, 1877 301
A Great Official Scandal¿January 8, 1878 303
Why Indian Wars?¿July 16, 1878 305
An Important Office¿February 9, 1880 308
The Zunis and Their Lands¿May 30, 1883 310
Another Queer Order¿April 11, 1885 312
The New Indian Policy¿July 25, 1885 313
The Indian Commissionership¿June 12, 1889 315
The End of the Indian War¿January 17, 1891 317
Costly Economy¿June 22, 1894 319
11. Indian Culture and Politics 321
A Questionable Enterprise¿December 27, i866 324
Freedmen in the Indian Territory¿April 25, 1870 325
The Indian Council¿June 19, 1871 326
The ¿Six Nations¿¿June 28, 1873 329
Oklahama¿May 19, 1874 331
Aboriginal Politics¿June 4, 1875 333
[Untitled]¿January 26, 1881 335
A Boston Revival¿March 31, 1882 337
The Indian Messiah Delusion¿November 20, 1890 339
[Untitled]¿January 29, 1891 341
Indian Reservations Courts¿March 6, 1891 341
[Untitled]¿January 16, 1892 343
The Choctaw Troubles¿September 15, 1892 344
The Iroquois at the Fair¿July ii, 1893 346
Index 349
Editorializing "The Indian Problem": The New York Times on Native Americans, 1860-1900
by Robert Hays foreword by Paul Simon
Southern Illinois University Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-8093-8955-1 Paper: 978-0-8093-2762-1
Drawing on four decades of New York Times editorials, Robert Hays demonstrates the magnitude of the conflict between Native American and white European cultures as settlers and adventurers spread rapidly across the continent in the post–Civil War period.
From 1860 through 1900, the Times published nearly a thousand editorials on what was commonly called “the Indian problem.” Selecting some of the best of these editorials, Hays gives readers what current accounts cannot: contemporary writers’ perspectives on the public images of Native Americans and their place in a nation bent on expansion. Some editorials express the unbridled bitterness and raw ambition of a nation immersed in an agenda of conquest, while others resonate with the struggle to find a common ground. Still others evince an attitude of respect, which set the tone for reconciling national ambition with natural rights.
American history demonstrates time and again the price of Manifest Destiny.
Many of the issues confronting nineteenth-century Native Americans remain alive today: unemployment, infant mortality, suicide, crime, alcoholism, and poverty. In presenting the authentic and urgent voices of a national newspaper’s daily record, Hays illuminates the roots of our current challenges.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Robert Hays has been a newspaper reporter, magazine editor, public relations writer, and university professor. His books include Country Editor, State Science in Illinois, and Early Stories from the Land. He collaborated with Brigadier General Oscar W. Koch on G-2: Intelligence for Patton, which has become a standard reference for World War II historians.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Foreword xv
Paul Simon
Preface to the paperback edition xix
Preface 000
Introduction 000
1. The Times and ¿the Indian Problem¿ 1
2. The Status of the Indian 19
The Indian Territory¿August 13, 1864 22
The Indian Appropriations¿March 23, 1869 24
Improving the Indians¿November 5, 1869 25
Fair Play for the Indian¿December 17, 1869 27
A New Way with the Indian¿January 26, 1870 29
The Wards of the Nation¿May 31, 1875 31
Decrease of the Indians¿June 24, 1878 33
Indian Civil Rights¿May 21, 1879 35
Civil Rights in Acres¿February 21, 1880 37
Qualifications for Citizenship¿March 13, 1880 40
Indians as Citizens¿February 19, 1881 43
What Will We Do with Them?¿June 18, 1883 45
[Untitled]¿July 31, 1892 46
[Untitled]¿May 23, 1894 47
The Indians and the Game Laws¿August 18, 1895 48
3. The National Indian Policy 51
Our Frontier Policy¿March 8, 1860 54
Our Indian Policy¿December 8, 1860 55
Indian Affairs and the Secretary of the Interior¿December 23, 1865 58
A Friendless Race¿May 20, 1866 60
Our Indian Policy¿May 26, 1867 61
Indian Colonization¿July 7, 1867 63
The Indians¿What Policy Shall We Pursue?¿January 19, 1870 65
The Oldest of American Difficulties¿May 22, 1870 67
Taming the Savage¿April 15, 1875 69
Gen. Grant¿s Peace Policy¿July 30, 1876 72
Congress and the Indians¿October 7, 1879 74
In the Way¿December 24, 1879 76
A Profitable Policy¿January 18, 1880 78
Twelve Indians Wanted¿January 24, 1880 81
The Indian Severalty Law¿May 27, 1887 83
Our Indian Policy¿December 2, 1890 85
Gen. Miles on the Indians¿December 29, 1890 87
The Reservation System¿October 19, 1891 89
Promoted Indian Pauperism¿November 15, 1900 91
4. The Chiefs
The Red Man Eloquent¿November 9, 1867 96
The Appeal of the Red Man¿June 8, 1870 100
The Last Appeal of Red Cloud¿June 17, 1870 101
A Sioux Hero¿August 6, 1871 103
[Untitled]¿October , 1873 104
The Apotheosis of Capt. Jack¿October 23, 1874 105
Satanta¿November 5, 1874 i06
The Surrender of Chief Joseph¿August ix, 1877 i08
An Impudent Indian¿September 4, 1877 110
The Indian View¿November 1, 1877 112
The Exile¿s Return¿December 21, 1877 115
The End of Victorio¿October 29, 1880 117
Sitting Bull¿November 25, 1880 119
Geronimo¿s Band of Thugs¿June 2, 1885 121
Disposing of Geronimo¿October x5, 1886 122
Exit Sitting Bull¿December x6, 1890 124
Chief Joseph¿April 24, 1897 125
5. The Indian Wars 127
Frontier Matters¿July 3, i86i 131
The Indians¿August 12, 1865 132
Cruelty to the Indians¿October ii, 1865 132
New Indian Difficulties¿September 2, 1866 133
Our Indian Policy¿The Recommendations of Gen. Grant¿December 9, x866 134
Sheridan¿s Winter Campaign¿December 4, 1868 136
The Indians¿August 27, 1874 138
An Indian Victory¿July 7, 1876 141
The Indian War¿July i8, 1876 143
The War with the Nez Percés¿August 14,1877 145
Modern Indian Campaigning¿August i6, 1877 147
The Indian Frontier Movements¿April 29, 1878 149
Indian Wars as Investments¿August 20, 1878 151
Another Indian War¿October 3, 1879 154
[Untitled]¿August 12, 1882 156
Gen. Crook¿s Victory¿June 14, 1883 157
The Restless Cheyennes¿July ii, 1885 158
The Apache Campaign¿November i3, 1886 161
The Ute Outbreak¿August 24, .1887 162
The Indians and the Army¿November 24, 1890 164
The Coming Indian Fight¿January 6, 1891 166
[Untitled]¿May 30, 1891 168
6. Encroaching Civilization 171
What Shall Be Done with the Indians?¿April 23, 1867 174
Our Indian Troubles¿How to Meet Them¿July x, 1867 176
The Quakers and the Indians¿April 25, 1869 179
The Duty of the Churches to the Indians¿May 30, 1870 180
An Aboriginal Convention¿August 3, 1875 182
The Kidnapped Kiamath¿September¿4, 1873 185
The ¿White Man¿s Secret¿October 3, 1877 187
The Indians of the North-West¿July 12, 1878 189
The Indian Lobby¿January 17, 1879 192
Improving the Utes¿October 9, 1879 194
A Triumph of Civilization¿November 26, 1882 196
A Modern Indian¿August 19, 1886 198
[Untitled]¿March14, 1891 200
[Untitled]¿March 16, 1891 200
[Untitled]¿February 6, 1892 201
Indian Education¿September 20, 1892 202
[Untitled]¿December 10, 1892 204
Indians and Civilization¿September 5, x899 204
7. Massacres and Lesser Injustices 207
Indian Outrage, and Indian Wrongs¿April 28, 1867 210
A Premium for Scalps¿June 23, 1867 213
The Piegan Slaughter and Its Apologists¿March 10, 1870 216
Another Border Atrocity¿June 10, 1873 217
Umatilla Troubles¿October 25, 1878 219
The Wronged Poncas¿December 19, 1879 221
The Southern Utes¿August 27, 1885 224
The Ute Indemnity¿January 1, i888 225
The Indian Massacre¿December 31, 1890 227
A Lesson in ¿Civilization¿¿June 29, 1897¿229
The Indian Rising¿October 7, 1898 230
8. Treaties and Other Broken Promises 233
The New War on the Frontier¿How It May Be Prevented¿July 1, 1868 236
The Kansas Indians¿August 30, 1868 237
The Brunot Treaty¿February 22, 1876 239
A Lesson from the Nez Percés¿October 15, 1877 240
The Cheyenne Tragedy¿January 13, 1879 243
The Ute Agreement¿August 6, 1880 246
The President and the Indians¿February 3, 1881 248
The Public Faith¿April 21, 1882 250
The Indian Territory¿December 5, 1884 253
9. Public Opinion and the Role of the Press 255
The Policy of Extermination as Applied to the Indians¿May 16, 1866 258
Our Indian Troubles¿Feeling of the Western People¿June 8, 1867 260
Our Indian Policy¿July 5, 1867 262
The Indian Question¿September 22, 1867 265
The Dying Race¿May 21, 1875 267
Enlightened Savages¿October 24, 1875 269
Politics Run Mad¿July 8, 1876 271
Extermination¿July 12, 1876 273
Gentle Woman¿October 14, 1879 276
The Indian Bureau Troubles¿January 16, 1880 278
Missouri Missionaries¿February 17, 1880 281
Indians and Skunks¿February 18, 1881 283
A Difficult Question¿September 20, 1881 285
Secretary Teller¿s Indian Policy¿April 29, 1882 287
Mr. Welsh on the Indian Outbreak¿March 29, 1891 290
10. Corruption 293
The Sacs and Foxes and Their Wileys and Whistlers¿December 20, 1868 297
A Question of ¿Spoils¿¿March 20, 1876 299
A Standing Grievance¿September 29, 1877 301
A Great Official Scandal¿January 8, 1878 303
Why Indian Wars?¿July 16, 1878 305
An Important Office¿February 9, 1880 308
The Zunis and Their Lands¿May 30, 1883 310
Another Queer Order¿April 11, 1885 312
The New Indian Policy¿July 25, 1885 313
The Indian Commissionership¿June 12, 1889 315
The End of the Indian War¿January 17, 1891 317
Costly Economy¿June 22, 1894 319
11. Indian Culture and Politics 321
A Questionable Enterprise¿December 27, i866 324
Freedmen in the Indian Territory¿April 25, 1870 325
The Indian Council¿June 19, 1871 326
The ¿Six Nations¿¿June 28, 1873 329
Oklahama¿May 19, 1874 331
Aboriginal Politics¿June 4, 1875 333
[Untitled]¿January 26, 1881 335
A Boston Revival¿March 31, 1882 337
The Indian Messiah Delusion¿November 20, 1890 339
[Untitled]¿January 29, 1891 341
Indian Reservations Courts¿March 6, 1891 341
[Untitled]¿January 16, 1892 343
The Choctaw Troubles¿September 15, 1892 344
The Iroquois at the Fair¿July ii, 1893 346
Index 349