The Taoists of Peking, 1800-1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics
by Vincent Goossaert
Harvard University Press, 2007 Cloth: 978-0-674-02505-9 Library of Congress Classification BL1910.G66 2007 Dewey Decimal Classification 299.514610951156
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
By looking at the activities of Taoist clerics in Peking, this book explores the workings of religion as a profession in one Chinese city during a period of dramatic modernization. The author focuses on ordinary religious professionals, most of whom remained obscure temple employees. Although almost forgotten, they were all major actors in urban religious and cultural life.
The clerics at the heart of this study spent their time training disciples, practicing and teaching self-cultivation, performing rituals, and managing temples. Vincent Goossaert shows that these Taoists were neither the socially despised illiterates dismissed in so many studies, nor otherworldly ascetics, but active participants in the religious economy of the city. In exploring exactly what their crucial role was, he addresses the day-to-day life of modern Chinese religion from the perspective of ordinary religious specialists. This approach highlights the social processes, institutions, and networks that transmit religious knowledge and mediate between prestigious religious traditions and the people in the street. In modern Chinese religion, the Taoists are such key actors. Without them, "Taoist ritual" and "Taoist self-cultivation" are just empty words.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Tables, Figures, and Map x
Note on Dates xi
Introduction 1
Taoists and the Understanding of Chinese
Religion 6
The Setting: A Modern Urban Clergy 9
Taoists in Peking 11
Methodology, Historiography, and Sources15
Structure of the Book 18
Part I Peking Taoists in Their Context
1 Peking Taoists in Their Context 23
The Institutional Context 24
The Social Context 43
The Political Context: Peking Taoists and
the State 55
Part II A Sociological Profile of Peking
Taoists
2 The Taoist Temple Clergy 83
A Quantitative Profile 84
The Social Background of Temple Taoists 86
Lineages and Gender 92
Celibacy and Sexuality 93
The Training of Temple Clerics 97
The Ordination Ritual 102
The Position of Manager (zhuchi) 107
The Succession of Managers 112
The Activities and Incomes of Temple
Clerics 118
Beggar Clerics and Outsiders 125
3 The Taoists of the Baiyun Guan 134
The Monastery 135
The Abbots and Other Dignitaries 137
The Monks in Residence 140
The Consecration Procedure 144
The Consecration Training 148
The Ritual of Conferring the Precepts 150
Rules and Discipline 153
Daily Life in the Monastery 158
The Liturgical Program 161
The Finances of the Baiyun Guan 163
The Baiyun Guan and the Nationwide
Quanzhen Community 165
4 Monastic Leadership 169
The Late Qing Baiyun Guan Abbots 169
Gao Rentong and the Court 172
The Republic and Chen Mingbin's Abbotship1
75
The An Shilin Drama 177
Leadership, Authority, and Charisma 181
5 Taoists and the Court: Chaplains and
Eunuchs 188
Taoists and State Ritual 189
Taoism in the Palace 191
Taoist Temples in the Palace 193
Taoist Ritual at Court 196
Lou Jinyuan and the Faguan Corps 199
Eunuchs and Taoism 209
Conclusion 234
Part III The Social Roles of Peking
Taoists
6 The Liturgical Functions of the Taoist
Clergy 239
Nonritual Services 240
Liturgical Services for Families 244
Death Rituals and the Clerics 246
Death Ritual in Modern Peking 248
Communal Rituals 255
Congregations and Taoist Ritual 262
The Organization of Clerical Troupes 264
Taoist Troupes and Liturgical
Differentiation 268
Competition 270
7 Taoist Masters and Spiritual
Teachings 274
Writing and Publishing 274
Teaching 281
Discipleship 283
Monastic Leaders and Self-cultivation
Techniques 285
Peking Taoist Masters Outside the
Monasteries: Liu Mingrui 293
A New Type of Master: Zhao Bichen 297
Peking Taoists in the Self-cultivation
Market 306
Self-cultivation, Spirit-writing Groups,
and Redemptive Societies 308
Taoists Against Spirit-writing? 315
A Laity in Search of a Clergy? 319
Conclusion 321
Taoists as Professionals and Experts 322
The Organization of the Taoist Profession3
24
Social Discourse on Taoists 327
Substitution 329
Modern Taoism: A Story of Decline? 329
Appendixes
A A Brief History of Taoist Death
Rituals 333
B The Taoist Canon in Late Imperial and
Modern Peking 345
Reference Matter
Bibliography 355
Index 381
The Taoists of Peking, 1800-1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics
by Vincent Goossaert
Harvard University Press, 2007 Cloth: 978-0-674-02505-9
By looking at the activities of Taoist clerics in Peking, this book explores the workings of religion as a profession in one Chinese city during a period of dramatic modernization. The author focuses on ordinary religious professionals, most of whom remained obscure temple employees. Although almost forgotten, they were all major actors in urban religious and cultural life.
The clerics at the heart of this study spent their time training disciples, practicing and teaching self-cultivation, performing rituals, and managing temples. Vincent Goossaert shows that these Taoists were neither the socially despised illiterates dismissed in so many studies, nor otherworldly ascetics, but active participants in the religious economy of the city. In exploring exactly what their crucial role was, he addresses the day-to-day life of modern Chinese religion from the perspective of ordinary religious specialists. This approach highlights the social processes, institutions, and networks that transmit religious knowledge and mediate between prestigious religious traditions and the people in the street. In modern Chinese religion, the Taoists are such key actors. Without them, "Taoist ritual" and "Taoist self-cultivation" are just empty words.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Tables, Figures, and Map x
Note on Dates xi
Introduction 1
Taoists and the Understanding of Chinese
Religion 6
The Setting: A Modern Urban Clergy 9
Taoists in Peking 11
Methodology, Historiography, and Sources15
Structure of the Book 18
Part I Peking Taoists in Their Context
1 Peking Taoists in Their Context 23
The Institutional Context 24
The Social Context 43
The Political Context: Peking Taoists and
the State 55
Part II A Sociological Profile of Peking
Taoists
2 The Taoist Temple Clergy 83
A Quantitative Profile 84
The Social Background of Temple Taoists 86
Lineages and Gender 92
Celibacy and Sexuality 93
The Training of Temple Clerics 97
The Ordination Ritual 102
The Position of Manager (zhuchi) 107
The Succession of Managers 112
The Activities and Incomes of Temple
Clerics 118
Beggar Clerics and Outsiders 125
3 The Taoists of the Baiyun Guan 134
The Monastery 135
The Abbots and Other Dignitaries 137
The Monks in Residence 140
The Consecration Procedure 144
The Consecration Training 148
The Ritual of Conferring the Precepts 150
Rules and Discipline 153
Daily Life in the Monastery 158
The Liturgical Program 161
The Finances of the Baiyun Guan 163
The Baiyun Guan and the Nationwide
Quanzhen Community 165
4 Monastic Leadership 169
The Late Qing Baiyun Guan Abbots 169
Gao Rentong and the Court 172
The Republic and Chen Mingbin's Abbotship1
75
The An Shilin Drama 177
Leadership, Authority, and Charisma 181
5 Taoists and the Court: Chaplains and
Eunuchs 188
Taoists and State Ritual 189
Taoism in the Palace 191
Taoist Temples in the Palace 193
Taoist Ritual at Court 196
Lou Jinyuan and the Faguan Corps 199
Eunuchs and Taoism 209
Conclusion 234
Part III The Social Roles of Peking
Taoists
6 The Liturgical Functions of the Taoist
Clergy 239
Nonritual Services 240
Liturgical Services for Families 244
Death Rituals and the Clerics 246
Death Ritual in Modern Peking 248
Communal Rituals 255
Congregations and Taoist Ritual 262
The Organization of Clerical Troupes 264
Taoist Troupes and Liturgical
Differentiation 268
Competition 270
7 Taoist Masters and Spiritual
Teachings 274
Writing and Publishing 274
Teaching 281
Discipleship 283
Monastic Leaders and Self-cultivation
Techniques 285
Peking Taoist Masters Outside the
Monasteries: Liu Mingrui 293
A New Type of Master: Zhao Bichen 297
Peking Taoists in the Self-cultivation
Market 306
Self-cultivation, Spirit-writing Groups,
and Redemptive Societies 308
Taoists Against Spirit-writing? 315
A Laity in Search of a Clergy? 319
Conclusion 321
Taoists as Professionals and Experts 322
The Organization of the Taoist Profession3
24
Social Discourse on Taoists 327
Substitution 329
Modern Taoism: A Story of Decline? 329
Appendixes
A A Brief History of Taoist Death
Rituals 333
B The Taoist Canon in Late Imperial and
Modern Peking 345
Reference Matter
Bibliography 355
Index 381