ABOUT THIS BOOKMount Tai in northeastern China has long been a sacred site. Indeed, it epitomizes China’s religious and social diversity. Throughout history, it has been a magnet for both women and men from all classes—emperors, aristocrats, officials, literati, and villagers. For much of the past millennium, however, the vast majority of pilgrims were illiterate peasants who came to pray for their deceased ancestors, as well as for sons, good fortune, and health.
Each of these social groups approached Mount Tai with different expectations. Each group’s or individual’s view of the world, interpersonal relationships, and ultimate goals or dreams—in a word, its identity—was reflected in its interactions with this sacred site. This book examines the behavior of those who made the pilgrimage to Mount Tai and their interpretations of its sacrality and history, as a means of better understanding their identities and mentalities. It is the first to trace the social landscape of Mount Tai, to examine the mindsets not just of prosperous, male literati but also of women and illiterate pilgrims, and to combine evidence from fiction, poetry, travel literature, and official records with the findings of studies of material culture and anthropology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Tables and Figures 000 Dates of Chinese
Dynasties 000
Introduction 1
Historiography?5/? Methodology?6
Part I?Cultural Stratigraphy: Multiple Identities of
a Sacred Site
Types of Sites?15/?Nature Worship?28/?Imperial
Rituals?40/?History?52/?Mysticism
?58/?Death?64/?Life?70/?Hierarchies of Sacred Sites?79/?The
Economics of Attaining the Summit?88/?Conclusion?100
Part II: Late Imperial Pilgrimages
1 Pilgrimage as Popular Agency: Women and
Men
Seeking Children and Heirs 105
Elite Constraints on Popular Agency?105/?Bixia Yuanjun
and Popular Agency?111/?Gender and
Family Duties?115/?
Female Networking?121/?Conclusion?143
2 Pilgrimage as Legitimation: Manchu
Emperors
in Chinese Sacred Space 150
Earlier Imperial Precedents?152/?Dynastic Legitimation: The
Kangxi Emperor and Dual Identity?157/?Personal Legitimation:
The Qianlong Emperor and
Collecting
as Identity?181
3 Pilgrimage as Literature: Reading
Oneself into the
Past and Writing Oneself into the Future
194 Experiencing History?199/?SelfCultivation?203/?
Joining a Literary Lineage?213/?Conclusion?222
Conclusion 225
Appendix
Gazetteer of the Main Sites on Mount Tai 237
Reference Matter
Notes 279
Works Cited 323 Index
347