ABOUT THIS BOOKThe British opium trade along China's seacoast has come to symbolize China's century-long descent into political and social chaos. In the standard historical narrative, opium is the primary medium through which China encountered the economic, social, and political institutions of the West. Opium, however, was not a Sino-British problem confined to southeastern China. It was, rather, an empire-wide crisis, and its spread among an ethnically diverse populace created regionally and culturally distinct problems of control for the Qing state.
This book examines the crisis from the perspective of Qing prohibition efforts. The author argues that opium prohibition, and not the opium wars, was genuinely imperial in scale and is hence much more representative of the actual drug problem faced by Qing administrators. The study of prohibition also permits a more comprehensive and accurate observation of the economics and criminology of opium. The Qing drug traffic involved the domestic production, distribution, and consumption of opium. A balanced examination of the opium market and state anti-drug policy in terms of prohibition reveals the importance of the empire's landlocked western frontier regions, which were the domestic production centers, in what has previously been considered an essentially coastal problem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Figure, Maps, and Tables xv
Weights and Measures xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
The Ethno-Geographic Limits of Qing
Opium Prohibition 2/
A Qing-Centered Contribution to the
Historiography of the
Opium Problem 8/ The Concept of
Addictive Consumables 16
2The British Prohibition in India in
Comparative Perspective 22
Addictive Consumables and Empire 22/ The
British Roots
of the Opium Problem 33/ Company Rule in
India 45/
Bengal Versus Bengal 49/ Bengal Versus
Malwa 52
3 Regional Administrative Structures 91
The Administration of the Han Core
67/ The Administration
of Xinjiang 76/ The Administration of
the Southwest 91/
Ethno-Geographic Diversity and the
Limits of Local
Administration 111
4The Opium Problem in the Han Core and
the Formation
of Central Government Policy 114
The Local Roots of Central Prohibition
Policy 115/ Opium
as a Qing Addictive Consumable 142/ The
Ideology of Qing
Prohibition 154/ Qing Opium Dependency
166/ Prohibition
and the Limits of State Power 173
5 The Opium Problem in Xinjiang 177
Adapting Imperial Prohibition to
Xinjiang 180/?The
Ethno-Geography of Qiangtu 190/ The
Multiethnic
Diplomacy of Xinjiang Prohibition
205/ Opium in
Qing Inner Asia 216
6 The Opium Problem in Southwestern China
222
Opium Prohibition Comes to the Southwest
222/ The
Geography of Southwestern Opium 248/ The
Ethnography
of Southwestern Opium 263/ The Economy
of Southwestern
Opium 271/ The Imperial Significance of
the Southwestern
Opium Market 282
7 Opium and Qing Expansionism 286
Appendixes
A Dynastic Opium Policy Before the
Daoguang Reign 307
BTranslation of Shanxi Taiyu District
Magistrate
Chen Lihe's "Opium Prohibition Pledge"
Stele 313
Reference Matter
Character List 319
Works Cited 327
Index
349