When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
by John V. A. Fine, Jr.
University of Michigan Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-472-02560-2 | Cloth: 978-0-472-11414-6 Library of Congress Classification DR1523.5.F56 2006 Dewey Decimal Classification 305.80094972
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
"This is history as it should be written. In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, a logical advancement on his earlier studies, Fine has successfully tackled a fascinating historical question, one having broad political implications for our own times. Fine's approach is to demonstrate how ideas of identity and self-identity were invented and evolved in medieval and early-modern times. At the same time, this book can be read as a critique of twentieth-century historiography-and this makes Fine's contribution even more valuable. This book is an original, much-needed contribution to the field of Balkan studies."
-Steve Rapp, Associate Professor of Caucasian, Byzantine, and Eurasian History, and Director, Program in World History and Cultures Department of History, Georgia State University Atlanta
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans is a study of the people who lived in what is now Croatia during the Middle Ages (roughly 600-1500) and the early-modern period (1500-1800), and how they identified themselves and were identified by others. John V. A. Fine, Jr., advances the discussion of identity by asking such questions as: Did most, some, or any of the population of that territory see itself as Croatian? If some did not, to what other communities did they consider themselves to belong? Were the labels attached to a given person or population fixed or could they change? And were some people members of several different communities at a given moment? And if there were competing identities, which identities held sway in which particular regions?
In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, Fine investigates the identity labels (and their meaning) employed by and about the medieval and early-modern population of the lands that make up present-day Croatia. Religion, local residence, and narrow family or broader clan all played important parts in past and present identities. Fine, however, concentrates chiefly on broader secular names that reflect attachment to a city, region, tribe or clan, a labeled people, or state.
The result is a magisterial analysis showing us the complexity of pre-national identity in Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia. There can be no question that the medieval and early-modern periods were pre-national times, but Fine has taken a further step by demonstrating that the medieval and early-modern eras in this region were also pre-ethnic so far as local identities are concerned. The back-projection of twentieth-century forms of identity into the pre-modern past by patriotic and nationalist historians has been brought to light. Though this back-projection is not always misleading, it can be; Fine is fully cognizant of the danger and has risen to the occasion to combat it while frequently remarking in the text that his findings for the Balkans have parallels elsewhere.
John V. A. Fine, Jr. is Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Maps xv
Introduction
ONE
The Setting, Including the Slavic and Croat Migrations 17
Overview of the Medieval History of the Western Balkans 18
The Migrations 22
Constantine Porphyrogenitus 23
TWO-
Croats and Slavs to 1102 27
Brief Historical Summary 27
The Sources on the Western Balkans Prior to I102 29
Constantine Porphyrogenitus 29
The Lombards 33
The Franks 33
The Venetians 37
The Arabs in Sicily and Spain 42
The Papacy 42
Croatia Itself in the Ninth Century 44
The Dalmatians (Split) 46
An Early Czech Source 49
Late References to Croats Produce Alternative Theories 50
Issues of Language 54
The Church in Dalmatia and Its Language 54
The Language Spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia 58
Early Accounts of the Death of King Zvonimir 59
A Miscellany of (Mostly) Domestic Sources 59
Croatia Proper (Eleventh Century to 1102) 59
In the South 62
Conclusions (up to 1102) 63
THREE
Slavonia, Dalmatia, and "Velebitia" after I 1o2 67
The Events of 1102 67
Slavonia, 1102-1400 71
Dalmatia and "Velebitia," 11o2-ca. 1340 79
Setting the Scene: The Different Actors and Their Perceptions
of Who Was Who up to ca. 1340 79
King Koloman Establishes Hungarian Rule and the Terminology
of the Hungarian Administration to ca. 1340 79
The Dalmatian Cities 84
Church Discussions on Slavonic 94
The Term "Dalmatian" as an Identity 94
Dubrovnik's Terminology 95
A Brief Byzantine Interlude (1143-80) 99
The Arab Geographer Idrisi o1o
Smaller Regional Identities iro
Venice's Terminology 103
Cathar and International Catholic Terminology 1o6
Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia from the Mid-Fourteenth
Century, and the Venetian-Hungarian Rivalry, up to the
Ottoman Conquest iog
Setting the Scene, 1340s to ca. 1500 109
Dalmatia and Croatia o10
The Vocabulary Used by Venice (I340S-1500) I 1I
Hungary's Vocabulary, ca. 1350-1450 120
References to Communities Possibly Labeled
Ethnically: Croats and Vlachs 129
Other Significant Fifteenth-Century Mentions of
"Croats/Croatia" 131
Typical Vocabulary Used in Croatia and Dalmatia 134
Church Matters 140
Identity in Dubrovnik in the Fifteenth Century 141
Vocabulary Used about Dalmatia/Croatia in Italy 143
Growth of the Zvonimir Legend in the Fourteenth Century I46
Contents xi
Slavonia in the Fifteenth Century 147
The Turkish Threat (1493-1526) 148
The First and Only Pre-50oo Clearly Ethnic Croat 148
What Language Did People Speak in Dalmatia and "Velebitia,"
1102-1500? 150
Conclusions (1102-1500) 165
FOUR
Perceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats, 1500 to 1600 171
Brief Historical Survey I71
The "Croat" Identity Camp 184
Five Sixteenth-Century Authors Find Ethnicity
in Connection with the Croats 184
Other Sixteenth-Century Figures Advancing the "Croat" Name 191
Protestants 204
The Catholic Response 208
Items Labeled "Croatian" 212
University Registers and "Croats" Elsewhere 212
Ottoman Terminology 215
Official Habsburg Terminology 215
The Uskoks 216
Travellers 219
The "Slav," "Illyrian," or "Dalmatian" Identity Camp 223
The Slavist Camp in the Sixteenth Century 223
Vinko Pribojevie 223
Mavro Orbini and a Brief Note on Jacob Luccari 226
Others in the "Slavic Camp" 229
Three Slavonian Writers 240
The Jesuits in Slavonia 242
Foreigners Define Their Neighbors 244
Those Who Chose the Term "Illyrian" 255
Church "Illyrianists" 259
Protestants 262
"Dalmatianists" 264
City Identities and Regional Ones (Other than "Dalmatian") 269
General Thoughts on the Sixteenth Century 270
FIVE
Perceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats in Dalmatia,
Dubrovnik, and Croatia Proper, 1600 to 1800 276
Introductory Remarks 276
The Dominant "Slavic" and "Illyrian" Camps 280
Dalmatia's "Slavic" Camp 280
Juraj BarakoviC 280
Mate Alberti 283
Jerolim Kavanjin 285
Andrija Ka&ie-MioSie 288
Ivan (Diivo) GunduliC 297
Andrija ZmajeviC's Church Chronicle 300
Julius Palmotid 301
Jacob Mikalja 302
Discussions on What Slavic Language/Dialect to Use 303
Textbooks on Language/Geography, Dictionaries 306
Other Texts 307
A Miscellany of Uses of "Slavic" 309
Ragusan Broad Pan-Slavism in the Eighteenth Century 311
Items Called "Slavic" 312
The Continuation of the Term "Illyrian" in Dalmatia 313
Serafin/Saro CrijeviC 313
Ardelio Della Bella 314
Other Texts on Language 316
Texts on Other Subjects 317
A Miscellany of References to "Illyrian" 318
Illyrian and Slavic Mixed in Dalmatia 322
Johannes Lucius and His Circle 324
Injacijo Gjorgji 330
Sebastian Dolci or Slade 336
Djuro Ferik 337
Those Advancing a Dalmatian Category 338
Use of the Term "Croatian" in Dubrovnik and Venetian Dalmatia -40
Those Using "Croatian" along with Other Terms 345
Ivan Tanzlingher-Zanotti 345
Filip Grabovac 347
Others 350
Foreigners' Use of Terms about Dalmatia 353
Italians 353
Official Venice 353
Alberto Fortis and a Dalmatian's Response to Him 358
Individual Italians 361
Other European Observers 363
Ottoman Sources 366
Croatia Proper under Austria 370
The Military Frontier 370
Use of Term "Croatian" in and about Croatia Proper 375
The End of Venetian Dalmacia (1797) 380
The Terminology Used by the Church
Hierarchy and Religious Orders 381
Michael Priuli's Visitation of Dalmatia in 1603 381
Zadar 382
Isle of Krk 385
Third Order Franciscans (Including Zadar and Krk) 387
Hvar and Brae 392
Bartol Kaide 394
The Ragusan Church 405
Scattered Church Uses of "Slavic" 405
Scattered Church Uses of "Illyrian" 407
The Jesuits on the Adriatic Coast 412
Scattered Church Uses of "Dalmatian" 415
The Issue of Printing Church Books in Slavonic 416
Ivan Tomko Mrnavid 421
The South Slav Guesthouse in Rome 423
Schools for Illyrians in Italy 428
The Term "Illyrian" in Dealing with the Orthodox 431
Debate on Vernacular versus Church Slavonic
in Texts in the Eighteenth Century 432
Western Balkan Schools 436
Use of Term "Croatian" in Church Sources 442
In Venetian Dalmatia 442
From Habsburg Croatia 446
Broad "Slavism" among Churchmen 447
LoSinj's Troubles and the Crisis over Illyrian
in Churches, ca. 1802 454
M. BogoviC's Summary of "Identity" among
Church-Oriented West Balkanites 456
SIX
Slavonia, 600o to 1800 457
Setting the Scene in the Seventeenth Century 457
Jesuits 459
South Slavs at the University of Graz in the Eighteenth Century 472
The Osijek School under State Supervision 473
The Croatian College in Vienna 474
Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and
Religious Orders in Slavonia 475
Juraj Rattkay 478
Recovery of Turkish Slavonia 480
Paul Ritter VitezoviC 482
Implications of Terms 492
Juraj HabdeliC, Andrija JambreSic, and Ivan Belostenec 493
Matija Petar KatanciC 500
Antun Kanidlid 502
Antun IvanosiC 505
Matija Antun Reljkovih 507
Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and Religious
Orders in Eighteenth-Century Slavonia 511
Other More Secularly Minded Slavonians 516
Petrovaradin 522
Thoughts on Language in Slavonia 523
The Debate on Joakim Stulli's Dictionary 525
Habsburg Terminology 529
Baltazar Adam Kreelik 532
Tito Brezovacki 536
Ignjat MartinoviC 539
Habsburg and Habsburg Catholic Church Terminology
in Dealing with the Orthodox 541
Djordje BrankoviC 542
The Serbian Church 542
Foreigners Visit Slavonia 546
Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube 546
Balthasar Hacquet 550
Other Foreigners 551
Labels in Latin-Letter Proto-Serbo-Croatian Published Books 552
Epilogue 553
Conclusions 557
Monarchs of Croatia to 1800 BY IAN MLADJOV 563
Simplified Genealogy of the Frankapans, SubiCi, and Zrinski 467
Bibliography 569
Most Used Abbreviations 571
Sources 571
Secondary Literature 584
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
by John V. A. Fine, Jr.
University of Michigan Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-472-02560-2 Cloth: 978-0-472-11414-6
"This is history as it should be written. In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, a logical advancement on his earlier studies, Fine has successfully tackled a fascinating historical question, one having broad political implications for our own times. Fine's approach is to demonstrate how ideas of identity and self-identity were invented and evolved in medieval and early-modern times. At the same time, this book can be read as a critique of twentieth-century historiography-and this makes Fine's contribution even more valuable. This book is an original, much-needed contribution to the field of Balkan studies."
-Steve Rapp, Associate Professor of Caucasian, Byzantine, and Eurasian History, and Director, Program in World History and Cultures Department of History, Georgia State University Atlanta
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans is a study of the people who lived in what is now Croatia during the Middle Ages (roughly 600-1500) and the early-modern period (1500-1800), and how they identified themselves and were identified by others. John V. A. Fine, Jr., advances the discussion of identity by asking such questions as: Did most, some, or any of the population of that territory see itself as Croatian? If some did not, to what other communities did they consider themselves to belong? Were the labels attached to a given person or population fixed or could they change? And were some people members of several different communities at a given moment? And if there were competing identities, which identities held sway in which particular regions?
In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, Fine investigates the identity labels (and their meaning) employed by and about the medieval and early-modern population of the lands that make up present-day Croatia. Religion, local residence, and narrow family or broader clan all played important parts in past and present identities. Fine, however, concentrates chiefly on broader secular names that reflect attachment to a city, region, tribe or clan, a labeled people, or state.
The result is a magisterial analysis showing us the complexity of pre-national identity in Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia. There can be no question that the medieval and early-modern periods were pre-national times, but Fine has taken a further step by demonstrating that the medieval and early-modern eras in this region were also pre-ethnic so far as local identities are concerned. The back-projection of twentieth-century forms of identity into the pre-modern past by patriotic and nationalist historians has been brought to light. Though this back-projection is not always misleading, it can be; Fine is fully cognizant of the danger and has risen to the occasion to combat it while frequently remarking in the text that his findings for the Balkans have parallels elsewhere.
John V. A. Fine, Jr. is Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Maps xv
Introduction
ONE
The Setting, Including the Slavic and Croat Migrations 17
Overview of the Medieval History of the Western Balkans 18
The Migrations 22
Constantine Porphyrogenitus 23
TWO-
Croats and Slavs to 1102 27
Brief Historical Summary 27
The Sources on the Western Balkans Prior to I102 29
Constantine Porphyrogenitus 29
The Lombards 33
The Franks 33
The Venetians 37
The Arabs in Sicily and Spain 42
The Papacy 42
Croatia Itself in the Ninth Century 44
The Dalmatians (Split) 46
An Early Czech Source 49
Late References to Croats Produce Alternative Theories 50
Issues of Language 54
The Church in Dalmatia and Its Language 54
The Language Spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia 58
Early Accounts of the Death of King Zvonimir 59
A Miscellany of (Mostly) Domestic Sources 59
Croatia Proper (Eleventh Century to 1102) 59
In the South 62
Conclusions (up to 1102) 63
THREE
Slavonia, Dalmatia, and "Velebitia" after I 1o2 67
The Events of 1102 67
Slavonia, 1102-1400 71
Dalmatia and "Velebitia," 11o2-ca. 1340 79
Setting the Scene: The Different Actors and Their Perceptions
of Who Was Who up to ca. 1340 79
King Koloman Establishes Hungarian Rule and the Terminology
of the Hungarian Administration to ca. 1340 79
The Dalmatian Cities 84
Church Discussions on Slavonic 94
The Term "Dalmatian" as an Identity 94
Dubrovnik's Terminology 95
A Brief Byzantine Interlude (1143-80) 99
The Arab Geographer Idrisi o1o
Smaller Regional Identities iro
Venice's Terminology 103
Cathar and International Catholic Terminology 1o6
Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia from the Mid-Fourteenth
Century, and the Venetian-Hungarian Rivalry, up to the
Ottoman Conquest iog
Setting the Scene, 1340s to ca. 1500 109
Dalmatia and Croatia o10
The Vocabulary Used by Venice (I340S-1500) I 1I
Hungary's Vocabulary, ca. 1350-1450 120
References to Communities Possibly Labeled
Ethnically: Croats and Vlachs 129
Other Significant Fifteenth-Century Mentions of
"Croats/Croatia" 131
Typical Vocabulary Used in Croatia and Dalmatia 134
Church Matters 140
Identity in Dubrovnik in the Fifteenth Century 141
Vocabulary Used about Dalmatia/Croatia in Italy 143
Growth of the Zvonimir Legend in the Fourteenth Century I46
Contents xi
Slavonia in the Fifteenth Century 147
The Turkish Threat (1493-1526) 148
The First and Only Pre-50oo Clearly Ethnic Croat 148
What Language Did People Speak in Dalmatia and "Velebitia,"
1102-1500? 150
Conclusions (1102-1500) 165
FOUR
Perceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats, 1500 to 1600 171
Brief Historical Survey I71
The "Croat" Identity Camp 184
Five Sixteenth-Century Authors Find Ethnicity
in Connection with the Croats 184
Other Sixteenth-Century Figures Advancing the "Croat" Name 191
Protestants 204
The Catholic Response 208
Items Labeled "Croatian" 212
University Registers and "Croats" Elsewhere 212
Ottoman Terminology 215
Official Habsburg Terminology 215
The Uskoks 216
Travellers 219
The "Slav," "Illyrian," or "Dalmatian" Identity Camp 223
The Slavist Camp in the Sixteenth Century 223
Vinko Pribojevie 223
Mavro Orbini and a Brief Note on Jacob Luccari 226
Others in the "Slavic Camp" 229
Three Slavonian Writers 240
The Jesuits in Slavonia 242
Foreigners Define Their Neighbors 244
Those Who Chose the Term "Illyrian" 255
Church "Illyrianists" 259
Protestants 262
"Dalmatianists" 264
City Identities and Regional Ones (Other than "Dalmatian") 269
General Thoughts on the Sixteenth Century 270
FIVE
Perceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats in Dalmatia,
Dubrovnik, and Croatia Proper, 1600 to 1800 276
Introductory Remarks 276
The Dominant "Slavic" and "Illyrian" Camps 280
Dalmatia's "Slavic" Camp 280
Juraj BarakoviC 280
Mate Alberti 283
Jerolim Kavanjin 285
Andrija Ka&ie-MioSie 288
Ivan (Diivo) GunduliC 297
Andrija ZmajeviC's Church Chronicle 300
Julius Palmotid 301
Jacob Mikalja 302
Discussions on What Slavic Language/Dialect to Use 303
Textbooks on Language/Geography, Dictionaries 306
Other Texts 307
A Miscellany of Uses of "Slavic" 309
Ragusan Broad Pan-Slavism in the Eighteenth Century 311
Items Called "Slavic" 312
The Continuation of the Term "Illyrian" in Dalmatia 313
Serafin/Saro CrijeviC 313
Ardelio Della Bella 314
Other Texts on Language 316
Texts on Other Subjects 317
A Miscellany of References to "Illyrian" 318
Illyrian and Slavic Mixed in Dalmatia 322
Johannes Lucius and His Circle 324
Injacijo Gjorgji 330
Sebastian Dolci or Slade 336
Djuro Ferik 337
Those Advancing a Dalmatian Category 338
Use of the Term "Croatian" in Dubrovnik and Venetian Dalmatia -40
Those Using "Croatian" along with Other Terms 345
Ivan Tanzlingher-Zanotti 345
Filip Grabovac 347
Others 350
Foreigners' Use of Terms about Dalmatia 353
Italians 353
Official Venice 353
Alberto Fortis and a Dalmatian's Response to Him 358
Individual Italians 361
Other European Observers 363
Ottoman Sources 366
Croatia Proper under Austria 370
The Military Frontier 370
Use of Term "Croatian" in and about Croatia Proper 375
The End of Venetian Dalmacia (1797) 380
The Terminology Used by the Church
Hierarchy and Religious Orders 381
Michael Priuli's Visitation of Dalmatia in 1603 381
Zadar 382
Isle of Krk 385
Third Order Franciscans (Including Zadar and Krk) 387
Hvar and Brae 392
Bartol Kaide 394
The Ragusan Church 405
Scattered Church Uses of "Slavic" 405
Scattered Church Uses of "Illyrian" 407
The Jesuits on the Adriatic Coast 412
Scattered Church Uses of "Dalmatian" 415
The Issue of Printing Church Books in Slavonic 416
Ivan Tomko Mrnavid 421
The South Slav Guesthouse in Rome 423
Schools for Illyrians in Italy 428
The Term "Illyrian" in Dealing with the Orthodox 431
Debate on Vernacular versus Church Slavonic
in Texts in the Eighteenth Century 432
Western Balkan Schools 436
Use of Term "Croatian" in Church Sources 442
In Venetian Dalmatia 442
From Habsburg Croatia 446
Broad "Slavism" among Churchmen 447
LoSinj's Troubles and the Crisis over Illyrian
in Churches, ca. 1802 454
M. BogoviC's Summary of "Identity" among
Church-Oriented West Balkanites 456
SIX
Slavonia, 600o to 1800 457
Setting the Scene in the Seventeenth Century 457
Jesuits 459
South Slavs at the University of Graz in the Eighteenth Century 472
The Osijek School under State Supervision 473
The Croatian College in Vienna 474
Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and
Religious Orders in Slavonia 475
Juraj Rattkay 478
Recovery of Turkish Slavonia 480
Paul Ritter VitezoviC 482
Implications of Terms 492
Juraj HabdeliC, Andrija JambreSic, and Ivan Belostenec 493
Matija Petar KatanciC 500
Antun Kanidlid 502
Antun IvanosiC 505
Matija Antun Reljkovih 507
Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and Religious
Orders in Eighteenth-Century Slavonia 511
Other More Secularly Minded Slavonians 516
Petrovaradin 522
Thoughts on Language in Slavonia 523
The Debate on Joakim Stulli's Dictionary 525
Habsburg Terminology 529
Baltazar Adam Kreelik 532
Tito Brezovacki 536
Ignjat MartinoviC 539
Habsburg and Habsburg Catholic Church Terminology
in Dealing with the Orthodox 541
Djordje BrankoviC 542
The Serbian Church 542
Foreigners Visit Slavonia 546
Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube 546
Balthasar Hacquet 550
Other Foreigners 551
Labels in Latin-Letter Proto-Serbo-Croatian Published Books 552
Epilogue 553
Conclusions 557
Monarchs of Croatia to 1800 BY IAN MLADJOV 563
Simplified Genealogy of the Frankapans, SubiCi, and Zrinski 467
Bibliography 569
Most Used Abbreviations 571
Sources 571
Secondary Literature 584
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.