Birth Figures: Early Modern Prints and the Pregnant Body
by Rebecca Whiteley
University of Chicago Press, 2023 Cloth: 978-0-226-82312-6 | eISBN: 978-0-226-82313-3 Library of Congress Classification RG518.E85W45 2023 Dewey Decimal Classification 618.20094
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
ABOUT THIS BOOK The first full study of “birth figures” and their place in early modern knowledge-making.
Birth figures are printed images of the pregnant womb, always shown in series, that depict the variety of ways in which a fetus can present for birth. Historian Rebecca Whiteley coined the term and here offers the first systematic analysis of the images’ creation, use, and impact. Whiteley reveals their origins in ancient medicine and explores their inclusion in many medieval gynecological manuscripts, focusing on their explosion in printed midwifery and surgical books in Western Europe from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. During this period, birth figures formed a key part of the visual culture of medicine and midwifery and were widely produced. They reflected and shaped how the pregnant body was known and treated. And by providing crucial bodily knowledge to midwives and surgeons, birth figures were also deeply entangled with wider cultural preoccupations with generation and creativity, female power and agency, knowledge and its dissemination, and even the condition of the human in the universe.
Birth Figures studies how different kinds of people understood childbirth and engaged with midwifery manuals, from learned physicians to midwives to illiterate listeners. Rich and detailed, this vital history reveals the importance of birth figures in how midwifery was practiced and in how people, both medical professionals and lay readers, envisioned and understood the mysterious state of pregnancy.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Rebecca Whiteley is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Birkbeck, University of London.
REVIEWS
“With Birth Figures, Whiteley adds much to our historical understanding of pregnancy and childbirth. Moving beyond old historical narratives of the conflict between male midwives—with their instruments and interventionist approach—and traditional female midwives, who assisted in the natural process of birth, Whiteley presents a more complex and nuanced story of shifting understandings among both men and women and new skill sets required of both male and female birth attendants. The book also adds to the growing literature on the relationship between art and science and the creation of 'visual languages' to convey knowledge of different subjects.”
— Kathleen Crowther, University of Oklahoma
“The history of midwifery is transformed by this first sustained analysis of printed drawings showing birth presentations in pregnant wombs. Recovering midwives’ pictorial practice while putting anatomy in its place, Whiteley reconstructs how copying drove innovation and viewers made meanings. Her appealing book thus extends reproductive, gender, and visual studies, as well as histories of art, medicine, and the body.”
— Nick Hopwood, University of Cambridge
"Whiteley’s work, at the intersection of medical and art history, beautifully illuminates the multiple meanings of images of unborn children in early modern Europe. She offers fresh, sophisticated, and nuanced interpretations of images that have puzzled me for years!"
— Mary E. Fissell, Johns Hopkins University
"In this fascinating porthole into English pregnancy culture in the 16th to 18th centuries, cherubic representations of fetuses in transparent wombs greet bewildered readers... By recasting birth figures as evolving feminist iconography, Whiteley places these artifacts in the context of contemporary debates over reproductive rights."
— Scientific American
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
A Note on Terminology
Introduction: Picturing Pregnancy
Part I: Early Printed Birth Figures (1540–1672)
Chapter 1: Using Images in Midwifery Practice
Chapter 2: Pluralistic Images and the Early Modern Body
Part II: Birth Figures as Agents of Change (1672–1751)
Chapter 3: Visual Experiments
Chapter 4: Visualizing Touch and Defining a Professional Persona
Part III: The Birth Figure Persists (1751–1774)
Chapter 5: Challenging the Hunterian Hegemony
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Index
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
Birth Figures: Early Modern Prints and the Pregnant Body
by Rebecca Whiteley
University of Chicago Press, 2023 Cloth: 978-0-226-82312-6 eISBN: 978-0-226-82313-3
The first full study of “birth figures” and their place in early modern knowledge-making.
Birth figures are printed images of the pregnant womb, always shown in series, that depict the variety of ways in which a fetus can present for birth. Historian Rebecca Whiteley coined the term and here offers the first systematic analysis of the images’ creation, use, and impact. Whiteley reveals their origins in ancient medicine and explores their inclusion in many medieval gynecological manuscripts, focusing on their explosion in printed midwifery and surgical books in Western Europe from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. During this period, birth figures formed a key part of the visual culture of medicine and midwifery and were widely produced. They reflected and shaped how the pregnant body was known and treated. And by providing crucial bodily knowledge to midwives and surgeons, birth figures were also deeply entangled with wider cultural preoccupations with generation and creativity, female power and agency, knowledge and its dissemination, and even the condition of the human in the universe.
Birth Figures studies how different kinds of people understood childbirth and engaged with midwifery manuals, from learned physicians to midwives to illiterate listeners. Rich and detailed, this vital history reveals the importance of birth figures in how midwifery was practiced and in how people, both medical professionals and lay readers, envisioned and understood the mysterious state of pregnancy.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Rebecca Whiteley is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Birkbeck, University of London.
REVIEWS
“With Birth Figures, Whiteley adds much to our historical understanding of pregnancy and childbirth. Moving beyond old historical narratives of the conflict between male midwives—with their instruments and interventionist approach—and traditional female midwives, who assisted in the natural process of birth, Whiteley presents a more complex and nuanced story of shifting understandings among both men and women and new skill sets required of both male and female birth attendants. The book also adds to the growing literature on the relationship between art and science and the creation of 'visual languages' to convey knowledge of different subjects.”
— Kathleen Crowther, University of Oklahoma
“The history of midwifery is transformed by this first sustained analysis of printed drawings showing birth presentations in pregnant wombs. Recovering midwives’ pictorial practice while putting anatomy in its place, Whiteley reconstructs how copying drove innovation and viewers made meanings. Her appealing book thus extends reproductive, gender, and visual studies, as well as histories of art, medicine, and the body.”
— Nick Hopwood, University of Cambridge
"Whiteley’s work, at the intersection of medical and art history, beautifully illuminates the multiple meanings of images of unborn children in early modern Europe. She offers fresh, sophisticated, and nuanced interpretations of images that have puzzled me for years!"
— Mary E. Fissell, Johns Hopkins University
"In this fascinating porthole into English pregnancy culture in the 16th to 18th centuries, cherubic representations of fetuses in transparent wombs greet bewildered readers... By recasting birth figures as evolving feminist iconography, Whiteley places these artifacts in the context of contemporary debates over reproductive rights."
— Scientific American
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
A Note on Terminology
Introduction: Picturing Pregnancy
Part I: Early Printed Birth Figures (1540–1672)
Chapter 1: Using Images in Midwifery Practice
Chapter 2: Pluralistic Images and the Early Modern Body
Part II: Birth Figures as Agents of Change (1672–1751)
Chapter 3: Visual Experiments
Chapter 4: Visualizing Touch and Defining a Professional Persona
Part III: The Birth Figure Persists (1751–1774)
Chapter 5: Challenging the Hunterian Hegemony
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Index
REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE
If you are a student who cannot use this book in printed form, BiblioVault may be able to supply you
with an electronic file for alternative access.
Please have the accessibility coordinator at your school fill out this form.
It can take 2-3 weeks for requests to be filled.
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC | REQUEST ACCESSIBLE FILE